鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统能量平衡分析

王春林; 周国逸; 王旭; 周传艳; 于贵瑞

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统能量平衡分析

1.
中国科学院华南植物园, 广东, 广州, 510650;广东省气候与农业气象中心, 广东, 广州, 510080
2.
中国科学院华南植物园, 广东, 广州, 510650
3.
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京, 100101

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(编号:2002CB412501);中国科学院知识创新工程(编号:KZCX1-SW-01-01A);中国科学院重要方向项目(编号:KSCX2-SW-120);广东省自然科学基金重点项目(编号:010567)共同资助

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2006-10-24
- 修回日期: 2007-04-28

ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS OF THE CONIFEROUS AND BROAD-LEAVED MIXED FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN DINGHUSHAN

1.
South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China;Climate and Agrometeorology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510080, China
2.
South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou 510650, China
3.
Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

摘要

摘要: 能量平衡分析作为评价涡度相关法通量观测数据可靠性方法,备受学界重视。应用OLS(Ordinary least squares)和EBR(Energy Balance Ratio)2种方法,系统分析了广东省鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统能量平衡特点,并分析各种涡度通量修正方法对能量平衡的影响,结果表明鼎湖山通量站平均能力平衡不闭合度为33%~47%,略高于普遍报道的不闭合度范围(10%~30%)。WPL修正、u^*订正和坐标转换,使得能量平衡闭合度有所提高,但夜间特别是冬季能量平衡较差问题依然没有得到根本解决,表明夜间弱湍流并不是导致夜间能量平衡闭合度差的主要原因。为客观评价本通量站以及ChinaFLUX能量平衡状况和通量数据质量,确定涡度相关法CO₂通量数据分析方法和改进策略提供依据。

关键词:
鼎湖山 /

针阔叶混交林 /

能量平衡 /

涡度相关法
Abstract: As an important index to evaluate the reliability of eddy covariance measurements,energy balance analysis has been widely accepted by the community.Using two methods of OLS(Ordinary Least Squares) and EBR(Energy Balance Ratio),energy imbalance characteristics of the coniferous and broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Dinghushan were systematically analyzed in the paper.Results showed that the average energy imbalance ratio of the site was estimated as 33%~47%,which was a bit higher than the widely reported range of 10%~30%.When WPL correction,u^*-correction and terrain correction were employed,energy balance condition improved to some extent,yet the problematic situation of poor energy balance in nighttime,especially in winter season,remained unchanged even those correction methods were employed,implying that weak turbulent condition in nighttime was not the main reason for poor energy balance.The study provided a basement to evaluate energy balance closure and data quality,to formulate data processing methods and improve strategies for both the site and other forest stations of ChinaFLUX.

Key words:
Dinghushan /

coniferous and broad-leaved forest /

energy balance /

eddy covariance

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参考文献(31)

[1] VERMA A B,BALDOCCHI D D,ANDERSON D E,et al.Eddy fluxes of CO₂,water vapor,and sensible heat over a deciduous forest[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1996,36:71-91.

[2] TWINE T E,KUSTAS W P,NORMAN J M,et al..Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2000,103:279-300.

[3] YAMAMOTO S,MURAYAMA S,SAIGUSA N,et al..Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO₂ flux between a temperate forest and theatmosphere in Japan[J].Tellus B,1999,51:402-413.

[4] SAIGUSA N,YAMAMOTOA S,MURAYAMA S,et al..Gross primary production and net ecosystem exchange of a cool-temperate deciduousforest estimated by the eddy covariance method[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,112:203-215.

[5] AUBINET M,CHERMANNE B,VANDENHAUTE M,et al..Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,108:293-315.

[6] 李正泉,于贵瑞,温学发,等.中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价[J].中国科学 D 辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):46-56.

[7] 温学发,于贵瑞,孙晓敏,等.复杂地形条件下森林植被湍流通量测定分析[J].中国科学D辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):57-66.

[8] WILSON K,HANSON P J,BALDOCCHI D D.Factors controlling evaporation and energy balance partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over anannual cycle[J].Agric For Meteorol,2000,102:83-103.

[9] SCHMID H P.Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies:a review and perspective[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:159-183.

[10] WILSON K,GOLDSTEIN A,FALGE E,et al..Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agric For Meteorol,2002,113:223-243.

[11] BLANKEN P D,BLACK T A,NEUMANN H H,et al..Turbulence flux measurements above and below the overstory of a boreal aspen forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1998,89:109-140.

[12] AUBINET M,GRELLE A,IBROM A,et al.Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of Europeran forests:the EUROFLUXmethodology[J].Adv Ecol Res,2000,30:113-175.

[13] BALDOCCHI D D,LAW B E,ANTHONI P M.On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor of a homogeneous and heterogeneousconifer forest[J].Agric For Meteorol,2000,102:187-206.

[14] KUSTAS W P,PRUEGER J H,HATFIELD J L,et al..Variability in soil heat flux from a mesquite dune site[J].Agric For Meteorol,2000,103:249-264.

[15] MOORE C J.Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1986,37:17-35.

[16] LEE X,HU X Z.Forest-air fluxes of carbon,water and energy over non-flat terrain[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,103:277-301.

[17] STANNARD D I,BLANFORD J H,KUSTAS W P.Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoonexperiment[J].Water Resour Res,1994,30(5):1227-1239.

[18] SUN J,DESJARDINS R,MAHRT L,et al..Transport of carbon dioxide,water vapor,and ozone by turbulence and local circulations[J].Journalof Geophysical Research,1998,103:25 873-25 885.

[19] 王旭,尹光彩,周国逸,等.鼎湖山针阔混交林旱季能量平衡研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2005,13(3):205-210.

[20] SCHOTANUS P H,NIEUWSTADT F T M,DE BRUIN H A R.Temperature measurements with a sonic anemometer and its application to heatand moisture fluxes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol.1983,26:81-93.

[21] WEBB E K,PEARMAN G I,LEUNING R.Correction of flux measure ments for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1980,106:85-100.

[22] MCCAUGHEY J H.Energy balance storage terms in a mature mixed forest at Petawawa,Ontario---a case study[J].Bound-Lay Meteorol,1985,31:89-101.

[23] LEE X H.On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,91:39-49.

[24] MASSMAN W J,LEE X H.Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:121-144.

[25] BALDOCCHI D D,FINNIGAN J,WILSON K,et al..On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,96:257-291.

[26] 吴家兵,关德新,孙晓敏,等.长白山阔叶红松林CO₂交换的涡动通量修订[J].中国科学D辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):95-102.

[27] WILCZAK J M,ONCLEY S P,STAGE S A.Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol,2001,99(1):127-150.

[28] 朱治林,孙晓敏,袁国富,等.非平坦下垫面涡度相关通量的校正方法及其在ChinaFLUX中的应用[J].中国科学 D 辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):37-45.

[29] 于贵瑞,张雷明,孙晓敏,等.亚洲区域陆地生态系统碳通量观测研究进展[J].中国科学 D 辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):15-29.

[30] GAO Z-Q(高志球),BIAN L-G,WANG J-X,et al.Discussion on Calculation Methods of Sensible Heat Flux during GAME/Tibet in 1998[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(3):357-368.

[31] PAW U K T,BALDOCCHI D D,MEYERS T P,et al..Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects anddensity fluxes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,97:487-511.

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[1]	VERMA A B,BALDOCCHI D D,ANDERSON D E,et al.Eddy fluxes of CO₂,water vapor,and sensible heat over a deciduous forest[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1996,36:71-91.
[2]	TWINE T E,KUSTAS W P,NORMAN J M,et al..Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2000,103:279-300.
[3]	YAMAMOTO S,MURAYAMA S,SAIGUSA N,et al..Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO₂ flux between a temperate forest and theatmosphere in Japan[J].Tellus B,1999,51:402-413.
[4]	SAIGUSA N,YAMAMOTOA S,MURAYAMA S,et al..Gross primary production and net ecosystem exchange of a cool-temperate deciduousforest estimated by the eddy covariance method[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,112:203-215.
[5]	AUBINET M,CHERMANNE B,VANDENHAUTE M,et al..Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,108:293-315.
[6]	李正泉,于贵瑞,温学发,等.中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价[J].中国科学 D 辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):46-56.
[7]	温学发,于贵瑞,孙晓敏,等.复杂地形条件下森林植被湍流通量测定分析[J].中国科学D辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):57-66.
[8]	WILSON K,HANSON P J,BALDOCCHI D D.Factors controlling evaporation and energy balance partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over anannual cycle[J].Agric For Meteorol,2000,102:83-103.
[9]	SCHMID H P.Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies:a review and perspective[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:159-183.
[10]	WILSON K,GOLDSTEIN A,FALGE E,et al..Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agric For Meteorol,2002,113:223-243.
[11]	BLANKEN P D,BLACK T A,NEUMANN H H,et al..Turbulence flux measurements above and below the overstory of a boreal aspen forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1998,89:109-140.
[12]	AUBINET M,GRELLE A,IBROM A,et al.Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of Europeran forests:the EUROFLUXmethodology[J].Adv Ecol Res,2000,30:113-175.
[13]	BALDOCCHI D D,LAW B E,ANTHONI P M.On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor of a homogeneous and heterogeneousconifer forest[J].Agric For Meteorol,2000,102:187-206.
[14]	KUSTAS W P,PRUEGER J H,HATFIELD J L,et al..Variability in soil heat flux from a mesquite dune site[J].Agric For Meteorol,2000,103:249-264.
[15]	MOORE C J.Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1986,37:17-35.
[16]	LEE X,HU X Z.Forest-air fluxes of carbon,water and energy over non-flat terrain[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,103:277-301.
[17]	STANNARD D I,BLANFORD J H,KUSTAS W P.Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoonexperiment[J].Water Resour Res,1994,30(5):1227-1239.
[18]	SUN J,DESJARDINS R,MAHRT L,et al..Transport of carbon dioxide,water vapor,and ozone by turbulence and local circulations[J].Journalof Geophysical Research,1998,103:25 873-25 885.
[19]	王旭,尹光彩,周国逸,等.鼎湖山针阔混交林旱季能量平衡研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2005,13(3):205-210.
[20]	SCHOTANUS P H,NIEUWSTADT F T M,DE BRUIN H A R.Temperature measurements with a sonic anemometer and its application to heatand moisture fluxes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol.1983,26:81-93.
[21]	WEBB E K,PEARMAN G I,LEUNING R.Correction of flux measure ments for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1980,106:85-100.
[22]	MCCAUGHEY J H.Energy balance storage terms in a mature mixed forest at Petawawa,Ontario---a case study[J].Bound-Lay Meteorol,1985,31:89-101.
[23]	LEE X H.On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,91:39-49.
[24]	MASSMAN W J,LEE X H.Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:121-144.
[25]	BALDOCCHI D D,FINNIGAN J,WILSON K,et al..On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,96:257-291.
[26]	吴家兵,关德新,孙晓敏,等.长白山阔叶红松林CO₂交换的涡动通量修订[J].中国科学D辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):95-102.
[27]	WILCZAK J M,ONCLEY S P,STAGE S A.Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol,2001,99(1):127-150.
[28]	朱治林,孙晓敏,袁国富,等.非平坦下垫面涡度相关通量的校正方法及其在ChinaFLUX中的应用[J].中国科学 D 辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):37-45.
[29]	于贵瑞,张雷明,孙晓敏,等.亚洲区域陆地生态系统碳通量观测研究进展[J].中国科学 D 辑地球科学,2004,34(Supp.Ⅱ):15-29.
[30]	GAO Z-Q(高志球),BIAN L-G,WANG J-X,et al.Discussion on Calculation Methods of Sensible Heat Flux during GAME/Tibet in 1998[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(3):357-368.
[31]	PAW U K T,BALDOCCHI D D,MEYERS T P,et al..Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects anddensity fluxes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,97:487-511.