NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MACRO-PHYSICAL, MICRO-PHYSICAL AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A THUNDERSTORM IN GUANGDONG CHINA
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摘要: 采用三维雷暴云动力-电耦合数值模式，模拟了2015年7月17日广东清远一次系统性强雷暴过程，探究此次雷暴的宏微观及电活动特征，从微物理角度出发，分析电荷结构的复杂成因。结果表明，由于水汽充足，上升气流速度大，云体高度高，小粒子随着强上升气流快速上升，迅速增长为雨滴等大粒子，降水出现早，强度大，较高的气温，使得很难产生固态降水。本次过程中，电荷结构由三极性结构逐渐演变成偶极性结构，这是由于霰的自动转化作用较强，中层霰粒在雷暴云成熟期转化为雹下落，上升气流由于强降水的发生不能维持，冰晶和霰粒子分布区域重合面积减少，非感应起电减弱，使得下部电荷结构消散。较高的电荷区高度使得云闪数目远远多于地闪数目。Abstract: Guangdong is located in low latitudes. The Tropic of Cancer runs through its middle and the elevation angle of the sun is large. The temperature is high. The air is always in an unstable state. In order to verify the conclusion of the observation of thunderstorm, a three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled model is uesd to analyzed a severe thundersrorm on July 17, 2015 in Qingyuan to discuss the particularity of macrography, microphysics and electrification feature and the causes of formation. The results indicate that this process has adequate moisture, strong updraft and high cloud height. Small particles rise rapidly with the strong updraft, and rapidly grow into large particles such as raindrops. Precipitation occurs early with strong intensity. Meanwhile, the temperature in Guangdong is higher and it is difficult to produce solid precipitation. The charge structure of this thunderstorm in Guangdong is not a simplex dipole structure considered by most researchers. It transforms from tripole charge structure to dipole distribution. The middle graupel in the thunderstorm during the maturity changes into hail falling. Because the updraft cannot maintain in the strong precipitation, overlapped area of ice and graupel distribution is reduced. The weakening of a non-inductive collisional charging mechanism between graupel and ice makes the lower positive charge center dissipate. The number of cloud-lighting is very large, while the number of ground-lighting is small. In low latitudes, the troposphere has a higher height. The height of the cloud extends to about 17 km. Higher charge area makes the number of cloud-lightening much larger than that of the ground-lightening.
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Key words:
- thunderstorm model /
- Guangdong area /
- hydrometeor /
- charge structure
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图 2 大于5 m/s的上升速度体积等值线图(a)和小于-2.5 m/s的下沉速度体积值线图(b)
Max代表最大值；灰色短实线从低到高分别是0 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃和-40 ℃所在位置。单位：km3。
图 4 粒子比含水量（各高度水平最大值）的时空演变
a.云滴粒子；b.雨滴粒子；c.霰粒子；d.冰晶粒子；e.雹粒子。Max代表最大值；
灰色短实线从低到高分别是0 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃和-40 ℃所在位置。 单位：g/kg。
图 6 各高度上水平最大净电荷密度（红色代表正电荷，蓝色代表负电荷）随时间的演变
红色虚线从低到高分别是0 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃和-40 ℃等温线。单位：nC/m3。
图 7 特殊时刻霰和冰晶粒子数浓度(红色代表冰晶粒子，蓝色代表霰粒子；单位：10i/m3)的剖面分布(a)；特殊时刻冰晶(b)和霰(c)比含水量y=18 km的剖面分布
1.第35 min；2.第50 min；3.第65 min；4.第80 min。单位：g/kg。紫色虚线从低到高分别是0 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃和-40 ℃等温线。
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