OBSERVATIONS OF RED SPRITES IN MALACCA AREA IN 2019 AND ANALYSES OF PARENT THUNDERSTORMS
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摘要: 红色精灵是一种发生于闪电放电活跃的雷暴云上空的中高层大气瞬态发光现象, 它们通常由中尺度对流系统层状云降水区内的强地闪回击产生, 是对流层和中间层之间的一种能量耦合过程。目前, 有关中国南海及东南亚地区的红色精灵观测鲜有报道。为了进一步了解热带地区产生红色精灵事件的沿海性雷暴特征, 于2019年利用低光度光学观测系统和低频磁场天线在马来西亚马六甲地区开展了地基观测。实验于11月9日、12月11日和12月15日三次在沿海雷暴上空共捕捉到7例红色精灵事件, 其中包括4例圆柱型、2例胡萝卜型和1例舞蹈型。结合闪电定位、云顶亮温和低频磁场信号等同步数据, 分析表明所有事件均由正极性地闪回击产生, 且母体闪电回击位于雷暴对流区附近(云顶亮温≤210 K处), 这可能是该地区产生红色精灵的沿海性雷暴的共同特征。此外, 红色精灵生成期并不是闪电活动最强期, 而是发生于闪电频数短暂降低后, 这表明红色精灵的发生可能是该地区成熟雷暴中对流减弱的一个信号。Abstract: Red sprites are transient luminous events in the middle and upper atmosphere above thunderstorms with active lightning activity. As energy coupling processes between the troposphere and the mesosphere, they are usually generated by strong cloud-to-ground(CG) lightning return strokes in the stratiform cloud precipitation regions of mesoscale convective systems. At present, there are few reports on the observation of red sprites in the South China Sea and Southeast Asia. To further understand the characteristics of coastal thunderstorms that produce red sprite events in the tropics, we launched groundbased observations in Malacca, Malaysia in 2019 by using a low-light video camera system and a lowfrequency magnetic field antenna. The experiment captured a total of seven red sprites over three coastal thunderstorms on November 9, December 11, and December 15, including four column events, two carrot events and one dancing sprite. Combined with lightning location, cloud-top brightness temperature, lowfrequency magnetic field signal and other synchronous observational data, analysis shows that all events are induced by positive CG lightning strokes and parent lightning located near the convective regions of thunderstorms(cloud-top brightness temperature ≤210 K). This may be a common feature of coastal thunderstorms that produce red sprites in this region. Furthermore, red sprites did not appear during the period of strongest lightning activity, but rather after a brief decrease in lightning frequency, suggesting that the occurrence of red sprites is likely an indicator of weakening convection in mature thunderstorms in the region.
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Key words:
- red sprite /
- Malacca region /
- coastal thunderstorm
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图 1 马六甲站示意图(a), 2019年11月9日(b)、12月11日(c)、12月15日(d)发生红色精灵的日闪电回击数量变化
a中彩色菱形表示母体闪电，红色为2019年11月9日、黄色为2019年12月11日和蓝色为2019年12月15日，绿色圆形和紫色矩形分别表示马六甲测站和探空测站，圆形虚线为距测站距离(300 km和500 km)。紫色加号表示ISUAL在马来半岛附近所观测到红色精灵事件的地理分布。b~d分别为2019年11月9日、2019年12月11日、2019年12月15日发生红色精灵的日闪电回击数量变化。
图 3 a、c为2019年11月9日马六甲站获得LF磁场信号波形；b、d为2019年11月9日发生红色精灵静态图像；e为探空站大气廓线；f为2019年11月9日17:00 UTC云顶亮温及WWLLN探测闪电分布(以红色精灵事件时间为中心时间，前后增加20 min)和18:00时风场数据。
红色菱形、绿色圆形和紫色矩形分别表示母体闪电、马六甲测站和探空测站，圆形虚线为距测站距离(500 km)。
图 4 a、c、e、g为2019年12月11日马六甲站获得LF磁场信号波形；b、d、f、h为2019年12月11日发生红色精灵静态图像；i为探空站大气廓线；j为2019年12月11日12:00 UTC云顶亮温及WWLLN探测闪电分布(以红色精灵事件时间为中心时间，前后增加10 min)和12:00 UTC风场数据。
红色菱形、绿色圆形和紫色矩形分别表示母体闪电、马六甲测站和探空测站，圆形虚线为距测站距离(500 km)。
图 5 a为探空站大气廓线, 插图为2019年12月15日发生红色精灵静态图像；b为2019年12月15日17:00 UTC云顶亮温及WWLLN探测闪电分布(以红色精灵事件时间为中心时间，前后增加10 min)和18:00 UTC风场数据。
红色菱形、绿色圆形和紫色矩形分别表示母体闪电、马六甲测站和探空测站，圆形虚线为距测站距离(500 km)。
表 1 2019年马六甲站的红色精灵观测
Number Date Time (UTC) Longitude Latitude Event type Storm type Distance to the station (km) Polarity event-1 2019/11/09 16:58:06.411 102.220 °E 0.481 °N carrot MCS 203 positive event-2 2019/11/09 17:22:53.502 102.351 °E 0.127 °N carrot MCS 242 positive event-3 2019/12/11 11:45:55.372 100.815 °E 3.775 °N column supercell 233 positive event-4 2019/12/11 12:00:40.659 100.821 °E 3.838 °N dancing supercell 238 positive event-5 2019/12/11 12:05:57.887 100.704 °E 3.752 °N column supercell 241 positive event-6 2019/12/11 12:09:53.719 100.749 °E 3.793 °N column supercell 240 positive event-7 2019/12/15 17:06:22.534 104.395 °E 2.673 °N carrot MCS 234 positive (GLD360) 
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