TORNADOES IN CHINA: SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
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摘要: 首先,利用中国气象灾害年鉴资料分析了2004—2016年13年间中国EF1或以上级别龙卷的时空分布特征,适当更新和扩展了范雯杰和俞小鼎(2015)的部分工作。然后,选取2002—2016年间70个龙卷超级单体个例(龙卷级别都在EF1级或以上)和144个非龙卷超级单体个例,利用2002—2016年间邻近探空资料和地面观测资料对比分析了龙卷超级单体和非龙卷超级单体的关键环境参数特征。主要结论如下:(1)2004— 2016年13年间中国共出现EF1或以上级别龙卷168次,平均每年发生EF1或以上级别龙卷13次;出现EF2或以上级别龙卷39次,平均每年3.0次;(2)2004—2016年间EF1或以上级别龙卷主要发生在中国大陆东半部的平原地区,包括江淮平原、黄淮平原、华南地区平坦地带、东北平原和华北平原;除了东北地区的黑龙江省,以上地区大多为人口稠密,经济相对发达地区;其中江苏省龙卷发生频率最高;(3)龙卷主要发生在4—9月,其他月份也有发生,只是频率很低,每年发生龙卷最多的月份是7月;就日变化而言,龙卷主要发生在12:00—22:00(北京时间,下同),尤其是14:00—20:00,与午后的对流活动峰值是一致的,其中最大峰值出现在14:00—16:00,对应深厚湿对流最为活跃的时段;(4)相对于非龙卷超级单体,龙卷超级单体对应略弱一些的条件不稳定和略大一些的水汽量;龙卷超级单体对应的对流有效位能CAPE分布的25%、50% 和75% 百分位值分别为1 300 J/kg、1 700 J/kg和2 400 J/kg,非龙卷超级单体对应的相应值分别为1 400 J/kg、2 000 J/kg和2 700 J/kg,前者比后者略低,两者之间分布类似,分布区间重合率较高;龙卷超级单体对应的0~6 km风矢量差分布的25%、50%和75%百分位值分别为18 m/s、22.5 m/s和26 m/s,非龙卷超级单体对应的值分别为18 m/s、22.5 m/s和25 m/s,两者之间分布非常类似,分布区间高度重合;试图通过结合CAPE和0~6 km垂直风切变来区分龙卷超级单体和非龙卷超级单体环较是困难;(5)对应龙卷超级单体的0~1 km风矢量差分布的25%、50% 和75% 百分位值分别为12 m/s、14 m/s和17 m/s,非龙卷超级单体的0~1 km风矢量差分布的相应值分别为4 m/s、7 m/s和8 m/s,前者明显高于后者;对应龙卷超级单体的LCL分布的25%、50%和75%百分位值分别为450 m、750 m和1 200 m,对应非龙卷超级单体分布的相应值分别是1 000 m、1 400 m和1 700 m,前者明显小于后者;在相当大程度上,可以通过0~1 km垂直风切变和抬升LCL凝结高度的组合对龙卷超级单体和非龙卷超级单体的环境进行区分,但又不能完全区分。Abstract: By checking relevant data based on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, and analysis of proximity sounding of tornadic and non-tornadic supercell storms, the present study analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution and the environmental characteristics of the tornadoes in China. The main results are as follows: (1) there were 168 EF1 or stronger tornadoes during the 13 years from 2004 to 2016, with 12.9 EF1 or stronger tornadoes each year on average; (2) most of the tornadoes occurred in the flat areas in the east half of China, particularly in East China, South China and Northeast China; (3) The convective available potential energy (CAPE) and 0~6 km bulk wind difference distribution were similar for tornadic and non-tornadic supercell storms; therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the tornadic and non-tornadic supercell environment by checking CAPE and 0-6km vertical wind shear; (4) The 0-1km bulk wind differences for tornadic supercell environment were much higher than those for non-tornadic supercell environment; by contrast, the lifting condensation levels (LCL) for tornadic supercell environment were much lower than those for non-tornadic supercell environment; therefore, to some degree, the 0~1 km vertical wind shear and the LCL can be used to distinguish the tornadic and non-tornadic supercell environment.
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Key words:
- tornadoes /
- China /
- spatiotemporal distribution /
- environmental characteristics /
- proximity sounding
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图 1 2003年7月8日23:29合肥SA型新一代天气雷达0.5 °仰角径向速度图
黄色圆圈代表中气旋,黑色箭头标识TVS, 引自文献[15]。
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