城市冠层过程的研究与进展

黄燕燕; 万齐林; 袁金南; 郑素卿

城市冠层过程的研究与进展

1.
中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所, 广东, 广州, 510080
2.
福建省漳州职业技术学院人文社科系, 福建, 漳州, 363000

基金项目: “十五”国家科技攻关课题“面向超级城市(群)的精细数值预报系统的开发与试验(2004BA607B-03)”资助

计量
- 文章访问数: 989
- HTML全文浏览量: 5
- PDF下载量: 3109
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2005-04-08
- 修回日期: 2006-01-08

DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH ON URBAN CANOPY PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME

1.
Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of CMA, Guangzhou 510080, China
2.
Zhangzhou Institute of Vocational technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China

摘要

摘要: 介绍了城市冠层过程研究的概况和历史,概括了城市冠层的特征及其作用于局地气候和中尺度系统的主要方式,总结了城市冠层参数化方案或模式的研究进展。比较了几种参数化方法和模式的特点,提出目前存在的一些问题。认为:现有的参数化方案和模式尚未能完整体现城市下垫面特征、准确反映人类活动影响,二者的发展有赖于对城市下垫面建筑特征更合理、细致地描述,对人为热量、水汽影响更准确的估计与刻划。与局地因素密切相关的城市冠层模式还需要更多地在模式中引入局地差异影响。同时指出,要提高耦合城市过程的中尺度模式预报水平,需要相应改进包括云、降水、次网格地形及边界层动力学等的参数化。
- 城市冠层 /
- 动力 /
- 热力作用 /
- 参数化方案 /
- 城市冠层模式 /
- 进展
Abstract: General situation and history of research on urban canopy process have been introduced in this paper.The main approaches that urban canopy affects the regional climate and mesoscale systems have been concluded.The developments of urban canopy model and parameterization schemes were summarized.Furthermore,characteristics of these models and parameterization schemes were compared.The existing problems in the current urban canopy models and parameterization were put up.The paper drew the conclusion that current models and parameterization schemes do not make complete description of buildings' characteristics and proper evaluation of human activity.The future development in model and parameterization will rely on the improvements in the two aspects.More parameters that are related to local traits(such as topographic characteristic) should be introduced in urban canopy models.It is also pointed out that to raise forecasting accuracy of models,improvements on parameterization of boundary processes(in the coupled mesoscale model) including cloud,precipitation and sub-grid terrain are needed.
- urban canopy /
- dynamical and thermodynamic effect /
- parameterization scheme /
- urban canopy model /
- development /

HTML全文

参考文献(65)

[1]	HOWARD L.The climate of London deduced from Meteorological observations made in the metropolis and atvarious places around it[C].1833,2nd ed,3 vols London,J and A Arch.
[2]	DUCKWORTH F A,SANDBERG J S.The effect of cities upon horizontal and vertical temperature gradients[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1954,35:198-207.
[3]	LANDSBERG H E.The climate of towns.Man's role in changing the face of the earth[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1956:1193.
[4]	MITCHELL J M.The temperature of cities[J].Weatherwise,1961,14:224-229.
[5]	RODEN G I.A modern statistical and analysis and documentation of historical temperature records in California,Oregon,and Washington,1821-1964 [J].J Appl Meteor,1961,4(1):3-24.
[6]	BORNSTEIN R D.Observations of the urban heat island effect in New York City[J].J Appl Meteo,1968,7:575-582.
[7]	KRATZER P A.Das stadtklima die wissenshaft,1956,90.Braunschweif,Friedr Vieweg & Sohn,184.
[8]	CHANDLER T J.London's urban climate[J].Geograph J,1962,127:279-302.
[9]	MYRUP L O.A numerical model of the urban heat island[J].J Appl Meteor,1969,8:908-918.
[10]	CARLSON T N,BOLAND F E.Analysis of urban-rural canopy using a surface heat flux/temperature model[J].J Appl Meteor,1978,17(7):998-1013.
[11]	ACKEMAN T P.A model of the effect of aerosols on urban climates with particular applications to the Los Angeles Basin[J].Journal of the Atmo-spheric Sciences,1977,34(3):531-547.
[12]	BERGSTROM JR R W,VISKANTA R.Modeling of the effects of gaseous and particulate pollutants in the urban atmosphere Part I:Thermal structure[J].J Appl Meteor,1973,12(6):901-912.
[13]	EGAN B A,MAJPMEY J R.Numerical modeling of advection and diffusion of urban area source pollutants[J].J Appl Meteor,1972,11(2):312-322.
[14]	BORNSTEIN R D.The two-dimensional urbmet urban boundary layer model[J].J Appl Meteor,1975,14(8):1459-1477.
[15]	VUKOVICH F M.Theoretical analysis of the effect of mean wind and stability on a heat island circulation characteristic of an urban complex[J].Monthly Weather Review,1971,99(12):919-926.
[16]	VUKOVICH F M,DUNN J W.A theoretical study of the St.Louis Heat Island:Some parameter variations[J].J Appl Meteor,1978,17(11):1585-1594.
[17]	KOPEC R J.Daily spatial and secular variations of atmospheric humidity in a small city[J].J Appl Meteor,1973,12(4):639-648.
[18]	HAGE K D.Urban-rural humidity differences[J].J Appl Meteor,1975,14(7):1277-1283.
[19]	BOWEN N E,BALL J T.Observational comparison of rural and urban boundary layer turbulence[J].J Appl Meteor,1970,9(6):862-873.
[20]	BROOK R R.A study of self-similarity in turbulence measured at an urban site[J].J Appl Meteor,1974,13(7):767-770.
[21]	PETERSON J T,FLOWERS E C,RUDISILL J H.Urban-rural solar radiation and atmospheric turbidity measurements in the Los Angeles Basin[J].J Appl Meteor,1978,17(11):1595-1609.
[22]	YAP D,OKE T R.Sensible heat fluxes over an urban area-Vancouver,B C[J].J Appl Meteor,1974,13(8):880-890.
[23]	BERAN D W,HALL JR F F.Remote sensing for air pollution meteorology[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1974,55(9):1097-1105.
[24]	ANGELL J K,BERNSTEIN A B.Flow across an urban area determined from double-theodolite pilot balloon observations[J].J Appl Meteor,1975,14(6):1072-1079.
[25]	KHEMANI L T,RAMANA MURTY B V.Rainfall variations in an urban industrial region[J].J Appl Meteor,1973,12(1):187-194.
[26]	HUFF F A,CHANGNON JR S A.Precipitation modification by major urban areas[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1973,54(12):1220-1232.
[27]	OKE T R.Boundary Layer Climate[M].London:Methuan & Co.LTD.1987:274.
[28]	ROTACH M W.Turbulence close to a rough urban surface,Part I:Reynolds stress[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1993,65:1-28.
[29]	ROTACH M W.Turbulence close to a rough urban surface,Part Ⅱ:Variances and gradients[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1993,66:75-92.
[30]	ROTH M,OKE T R.Turbulence transfer relationships over an urban surface,Part I:Spectral characteristics[J].Q J R Meteor Soc,1993,119:1071-1104.
[31]	ROTH M.Turbulence transfer relationships over an urban surface,Part Ⅱ:Integral statistics[J].Q J R Meteor Soc,1993,119:1105-1120.
[32]	WANG J.Turbulence characteristics in an urban atmosphere of complex terrain[J].Atmospheric Environment,1992,26A:2717-2724.
[33]	周淑贞,余碧霞.上海城市对风速的影响[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,3:30-41.
[34]	胡非,李昕,陈红岩,等.城市冠层中湍流运动的统计特征[J].气候与环境研究,1999,4(3):252-258.
[35]	ROTH M.Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities[J].Q J R Met Soc,2000,126:941.
[36]	BROWN M J,WILLIAMS M D.An urban canopy parameterization for mesoscale meteorological models[C].Proceedings of the AMS Conference on2nd Urban Environment Symposium 2-7 november,Albuquerque,NM,Amer Meteor Soc,1998:144-147.
[37]	MASSON V.A physically-based scheme for the ruban energy budget in atmospheric models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2000,94(2):357-397.
[38]	MARTILLI A,CLAPPIER A,ROTACH M W.A urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,104(2):261-304.
[39]	李晓莉,何金海,毕宝贵,等.MM5模式中城市冠层参数化方案的设计及其数值试验[J].气象学报,2003,61(5):526-538.
[40]	GRIMMOND C S B,OKE T R.Turbulent heat fluxes in urban areas:Observations and a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS) [J].J Appl Meteor,2002,41(7):792-810.
[41]	LEMONSU A,GRIMMOND C S B,MASSON V.Modeling the surface energy balance of the core of an old Mediterranean city:Marseille[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(2):312-327.
[42]	OTTE T L,LACSER A,SYLAAIN D,CHING J K S.Implementation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale meteorological model[J].J Appl Meteor,2004,43(11):1648-1665.
[43]	ROULET Y A,MARTILLI A,ROTACH M W,CLAPPIER A.Validation of an urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models-1D case in a street canyon[J].J Appl Meteor,2005,44(9):1484-1498.
[44]	SUSANNE G C,ZEHNDER J A,STEFANOV W L,LIU Yubao,ZOLDAK M A.Urban modifications in a mesoscale meteorological model and the effects on near-surface variables in an arid metropolitan region[J].J Appl Meteor,2005,44(9):1281-1297.
[45]	WALKER H,NASSTROM J S,BROWN M J.Evaluation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale model using VTMX and URBAN 2000 Data[J].Monthly Weather Review,2005,133(7):2043-2068.
[46]	CHANG J C,HANNA S R,BOYBEYI Z,FRANZESE P.Use of Salt Lake City URBAN 2000 Field Data to evaluate the urban Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (HPAC) dispersion model[J].J Appl Meteor,2005,44(4):485-501.
[47]	BORNSTEIN R D.Two-dimensional URBMET urban boundary layer model[J].J Appl Meteor,1975,14(8):1459-1477.
[48]	YOSHIKADO H.Numerical study of daytime urban effect and its interaction with sea breeze[J].J Appl Meteor,1992,31(10):1146-1164.
[49]	HJELMFELT M R.Numerical simulation of effects of St.Louis on mesoscal boundary-layer airflow and verical air motion:simulation of urban vs non-urban effects[J].J Appl Meteor,1982,21(9):1239-1257.
[50]	SEAMAN N L,LUDWIG F L,Donall E G,et al.Numerical studis of urban planetary boundary-layer structure under realistic synoptic conditions[J].J Appl Meteor,1989,28(8):760-781.
[51]	KHAN S M,SIMPSON R W.Effect of a heat island on the Meteorology of a complex urban airshed[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2001,100(4):487-506.
[52]	TROUDE F,DUPONT E,CARISSIMO B.Mesoscale meteorological simulation in Paris:Comparisons with observation during the experimentECLAP[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2001,99(1):21-51.
[53]	KANDA M,INOUE Y.Numerical study on cloud lines over an urban street in the Tokyo[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2001,98(2):251-273.
[54]	WANG Weiguo(王卫国),JIANG Weimei(蒋维楣).Numerical simulation on the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in Qingdao regions[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (大气科学),1996,20(2):229-234.
[55]	MIAO Manqian(苗曼倩),TANG Youhua(唐有华).Interaction between sea and land breeze and heat island circulation during the summer over the delta region of the Yangtze river and urbanization effect on climate[J].Plateau Meteorology(高原气象),1998,17(3):280-289.
[56]	SANG Jianguo(桑建国),ZHANG Zhikun(张治坤),ZHANG Boyin(张伯寅).Dynamical analysis on heat island circulation[J].Acta MeteorologicalSinica(气象学报),2000,58(3):321-327.
[57]	BAKLANOV A,RASMUSSIAN A,FAY B.Possibilities and shortcoming of NWP model to provide meteorological data for UAP forecasting[C].Proceedings of Urban Air Quality Conference,Louraki Greece.2001.
[58]	KUSAKA H,KONDO H,KIKEGAWA Y,et al.A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:comparison with multi-layer and slab models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2001,101:329-358.
[59]	KONDA H,LIU F H.A study on the urban thermal enviroment obtained through one-dimensional urban canopy model[J].J Japan Soc Atmos Environ,1998,33:179-192 (in Japanese).
[60]	KONDO H,KIKEGAWA Y,GENCHI Y,et al.Heating in the urban canopy by anthroppgenic energy use[C].Proceedings of 15th InternationalCongress of Biometeorology and International Conference on Urban Climatology(ICB-ICUC'99),Sydney,Australia,November 8-12,1999,ICB-ICUC,in CD-ROM.
[61]	VU T C,ASAEDA T,ASHIE Y.Development of a numerical model for the evaluation of the urban thermal environment[J].J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn,1999,81:181-191.
[62]	KUSAKA H,KIMURA F.Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model:Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2004,82:67-80.
[63]	TEWARI M,CHEN F,WANG W,et al.Implementation and verification of the unified Noah land surface model in the WRF model[C] // 20thConference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction.11-15 January,2004,Seattle,Washington.
[64]	ASHIE Y,VU T C,ASAEDA T.Building canopy model for the analysis of urban climate[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerody-namics,1999,81:237-248.
[65]	RAFAILIDIS S.Influence of building area density and roof shape on the wind characteristics above a town[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1997,85:255-271.