夏季硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对中国云特性的影响

尚晶晶; 廖宏; 符瑜; 杨青

doi:10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.2017.04.003

夏季硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对中国云特性的影响

doi: 10.16032/j.issn.1004-4965.2017.04.003

尚晶晶^{1, 3},
廖宏^{1, 2, ,},
符瑜²,
杨青⁴

1.
中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室（LAPC），北京 100029
2.
中国科学院大气物理研究所气候变化研究中心（CCRC），北京 100029
3.
中国科学院大学，北京 100049
4.
西北太平洋实验室，Richland, WA, US

基金项目:

国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划） 2014CB441200

详细信息

通讯作者:
廖宏，女，四川省人，研究员，博士，主要从事大气成分变化与气候变化之间的相互作用。E-mail：hongliao@mail.iap.ac.cn

中图分类号: X513
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2015-12-23
- 修回日期: 2017-02-26
- 刊出日期: 2017-08-01

THE IMPACT OF SULFATE AND BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS ON SUMMERTIME CLOUD PROPERTIES IN CHINA

Jing-jing SHANG^{1, 3},
Hong LIAO^{1, 2
, ,},
Yu FU²,
Qing YANG⁴

1.
State key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2.
Climate Change Research Center (CCRC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

摘要

摘要: 利用WRF-Chem（Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry）模式研究2006年8月1日—9月1日中国区域硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对云特性的影响。模式验证利用了卫星和地面观测的气象要素、化学物质浓度、气溶胶光学特性和云微物理特性。模式性能评估表明该模式能较好地抓住气象要素（温度、降水、相对湿度和风速）的量级和空间分布特征。通过与地面观测和MODIS卫星数据对比发现，尽管模式模拟还存在偏差，但还是能较好模拟出气溶胶物种的地表浓度、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、云光学厚度（COD）、云量（CLDF）、云顶云滴有效半径（CER）和云水路径（LWP）。通过两个敏感性试验（分别增加二氧化硫和黑碳排放量至控制试验排放的3倍）与控制试验的对比发现硫酸盐比黑碳更易成为云凝结核，在中国东部云顶云滴数浓度和其它云特性参数对二氧化硫排放增加的响应均从北向南呈递增，这与地面湿度分布有关。云滴有效半径对硫酸盐气溶胶的响应符合气溶胶第一间接效应的定义，即硫酸盐气溶胶增多，云滴数浓度增加，云滴有效半径减少，但是对黑碳气溶胶的响应在各区域不尽相同。还发现黑碳对云量的影响远大于硫酸盐，主要原因是由于黑碳气溶胶直接辐射效应（对太阳光的吸收）导致的云的“燃烧”作用。
- 硫酸盐气溶胶 /
- 黑碳气溶胶 /
- 气溶胶光学厚度 /
- 云光学厚度 /
- 云量 /
- 云水路径 /
- 云滴有效半径
Abstract: We investigate the impacts of sulfate and black carbon aerosols on cloud microphysical properties over China during 1 August-1 September, 2006, by using the WRF-Chem model (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry). A comprehensive model evaluation is performed for simulated meteorology, aerosol concentrations, aerosol optical properties, as well as cloud variables by using the ground-based and satellite observations across China. The model simulates well the meteorological variables such as surface air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed, in terms of both magnitudes and spatial distributions. Simulated concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, black carbon, aerosol optical depth(AOD), aerosol single scattering albedo(SSA), cloud top effective radius (CER), cloud optical thickness(COD), and liquid water path(LWP) have relatively large biases. The impacts of sulfate and black carbon on cloud properties are quantified by two sensitive simulations with tripled emissions of sulfur dioxide and black carbon, respectively. Sulfate is found to be more important than black carbon as they serve as cloud condensation nuclei. The sensitivity of cloud-top cloud droplet number concentrations over eastern China to sulfate aerosol is found to increase from the North to South China, as a result of the higher relative humidity in South China. The simulated changes in effective radius of cloud droplets follow the Twomey Effect when concentrations of sulfate increase, but those in effective radius of cloud droplets differ as concentrations of black carbon increase. Compared to sulfate, black carbon aerosol is found to have a much more important effect on cloud fraction in eastern China as a result of the cloud "burning" effect caused by the absorption of sunlight.
- sulfate /
- black carbon /
- aerosol optical depth /
- cloud optical depth /
- cloud fraction /
- liquid water depth /
- cloud effective radius

HTML全文

图 1 2006年SO₂（a，单位：ton S/year/grid）和BC（b，单位：ton C/year/grid）排放的空间分布

灰色扇形区域为模式模拟研究区域。4个黑框表示4个重点关注子区域：华北平原（NCP，110~120 °E，34~40 °N）、中国中部（MC，110~120 °E，28~34 °N）、中国南方（SC，108~115 °E，21~28 °N）和中国东海（ECS，127~130 °E，23~33 °N）。

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图 2 2006年8月模拟和观测（重叠的彩色点）的平均地表温度（a，单位：℃）、降水（b，单位：mm/d）和相对湿度（c，单位：%）

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图 3 CTL试验模拟结果(a、c)、NCEP FNL数据(b、d)的地面和850 hPa高度月平均风场空间分布

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图 4 CTL试验模拟的2006年8月地表气溶胶浓度的月均值

单位：μg/m³。a.细颗粒物；b.硫酸盐；c.硝酸盐；d.铵盐；e.有机碳；g.黑碳。

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图 5 模拟和观测的气溶胶（硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机碳、黑碳）浓度（单位：μg/m³）2006年8月月均值的散点分布

点线是1：1线；实线是线性拟合线。R是模拟值与观测值的相关系数。

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图 6 CTL试验模拟值（a）和MODIS观测值（b）的2006年8月平均AOD的空间分布

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图 7 2006年8月平均的CTL试验模拟(左)和MODIS观测(右)的云光学厚度(COD)(a、b)、云量(CLDF)(c、d)、云水路径(LWP，单位：g/m²)(e、f)和云顶云滴有效半径(CER，单位：μm)(g、h)的空间分布

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图 8 各种气溶胶的地表浓度对增强的SO₂排放（3SO2，绿色）和黑碳排放（3BC，紫色）的响应单位：μg/m³。

Δ表示3SO2或3BC试验与控制试验之差。a~f分别是PM_2.5、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机碳和黑碳的响应。图上方的μ_CTL是CTL试验中各种气溶胶浓度在此区域的平均值。

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图 9 975 hPa处的积聚模态气溶胶数浓度（Nacc，单位：cm^-3）（a）和过饱和度为0.1%的云凝结核数浓度（Nccn，单位：cm^-3）（b）及气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）对增强的SO₂排放（3SO2，绿色）和黑碳排放（3BC，紫色）的响应（c）

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图 10 云顶云滴的数浓度（Nd，单位：cm^-3）（a）和有效半径（CER，单位：μm）（b）对增强的SO₂排放（3SO2，绿色）和黑碳排放（3BC，紫色）的响应

μ_CTL是指Nd（或CER）在CTL试验中选定的4个研究区域（NCP、MC、SC和ECS）的平均值。标在柱上的数值是气溶胶-云敏感因子，ΔY/(Yln(N_ccn))，其中Y是指云特性（N_d或CER）。

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图 11 云宏观物理特性的云水路径(LWP，单位：g/m³)(a)、云光学厚度(COD)(b)和云量(CLDF，单位：%)(c)对增强的SO₂排放(3SO2，绿色)和黑碳排放(3BC，紫色)的响应

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图 12 CTL、3SO2、3BC试验中获得的4个区域气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）与云滴有效半径（CER，单位：μm）的关系

a. NCP；b.MC；c. SC；d. ECS（横坐标与其它图的坐标不同）。

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表 1 模式的主要物理和化学方案的设置

物理化学过程	参数化方案	参考文献
长波辐射方案(Long-wave radiation)	RRTM	Mlawer等^[50]
短波辐射方案(Short-wave radiation)	Goddard	Chou等^[51]
陆地模式(Land-surface model)	Noah	Chen等^[52]
边界层方案(Boundary layer scheme)	YSU	Hong等^[53]
积云参数(Cumulus parameterization)	New Grell scheme(G3)	Grell等^[54]
云微物理过程(Cloud microphysics)	Morrison	Morrison等^[55-56]
光化学方案(Photolysis scheme)	Fast-J	Wild等^[57]
化学方案(Chemistry option)	CBM-Z	Zaveri等^[58]
气溶胶方案(Aerosol option)	MOZAIC	Zaveri等^[47]

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表 2 2006年气溶胶前体物和气溶胶的人为排放总量

污染物	中国(90~135 °E, 20~54 °N)	中国东部(110~120 °E, 20~45 °N)
NO_x (Tg N yr^-1)	7.2	4.4
CO (Tg CO yr^-1)	178.4	115.2
SO₂ (Tg S yr^-1)	16.3	10.4
NH₃ (Tg N yr^-1)	11.2	7.2
BC (Tg C yr^-1)	1.9	1.2
OC (Tg C yr^-1)	3.5	1.9

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表 3 不同区域（NCP、MC和SC）的观测和不同模拟试验（CTL、3SO2和3BC）获得的地表温度、降水、相对湿度及地表风速的月平均值和标准偏差

变量	观测/模拟	NCP		MC		SC
变量	观测/模拟	平均（mean）	标准偏差（std）	平均（mean）	标准偏差（std）	平均（mean）	标准偏差（std）
温度/℃	观测	25.6	1.4	28.9	1.1	28.4	0.7
	CTL	24.4	2.6	26.7	1.1	26.1	1.2
	3SO2	24.5	2.6	26.7	1.1	26.0	1.2
	3BC	24.7	2.6	26.9	1.0	26.2	1.1
降水/(mm/d)	观测	5.9	2.9	4.0	1.6	7.0	4.1
	CTL	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.3	1.9	1.2
	3SO2	1.1	1.0	0.6	0.2	1.9	1.4
	3BC	1.0	0.7	0.8	0.4	2.2	1.9
相对湿度/%	观测	78.1	4.8	73.5	4.7	76.4	4.7
	CTL	61.6	8.7	67.0	6.2	79.0	4.5
	3SO2	62.1	8.6	68.4	7.1	79.7	2.9
	3BC	59.6	8.6	67.4	7.0	81.1	5.0
地表风速/(m/s)	观测	1.7	0.5	1.9	0.5	1.8	0.7
	CTL	5.0	0.4	4.8	0.3	4.2	0.4
	3SO2	5.2	0.5	4.7	0.4	4.0	0.4
	3BC	5.2	0.4	4.5	0.3	3.8	0.3

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表 4 控制试验（CTL）获得的气象要素、气溶胶浓度、气溶胶光学特性和云特性在中国区域（93~130 °E，20~53 °N）内与观测值比较的统计量

变量	数据集	观测	模拟	平均偏差(MB)	归一化平均偏差(NMB)/%
温度/℃	站点	23.7	21.8	-1.9	-8.1
降水/(mm/d)	站点	3.6	2.2	-1.4	-39.3
相对湿度/%	站点	67.9	59.0	-8.9	-13.0
地表风速/(m/s)	FNL	1.1	2.3	1.2	107.4
硝酸盐浓度/(μg/m³)	站点	4.9	9.0	4.1	85.1
硫酸盐浓度/(μg/m³)	站点	16.2	8.4	-7.8	-48.5
黑碳浓度/(μg/m³)	站点	2.6	2.5	-0.1	-2.2
有机碳浓度/(μg/m³)	站点	9.3	4.5	-4.8	-54.0
气溶胶光学厚度	MODIS	0.29	0.27	-0.02	-8.5
云量/%	MODIS	14.5	3.5	-11.0	-75.8
云光学厚度	MODIS	0.17	0.33	0.16	91.2
云水路径/(g/m²)	MODIS	127.3	77.6	-49.7	-39.1
云滴有效半径/ m	MODIS	14.1	11.8	-2.2	-16.2

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表 5 观测和模拟的中国地区14个观测站点2006年8月平均的硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机碳和黑碳的地面浓度单位：μg/m³。观测值来源于Zhang等^[59]，模拟值是CTL试验结果。

站点	硫酸盐		硫酸盐		有机碳		黑碳
站点	观测	模拟	观测	模拟	观测	模拟	观测	模拟
太阳山	19.7	14.0	3.3	16.6	8.4	6.9	1.6	3.8
成都	25.2	12.4	7.8	6.8	21.9	8.4	6.3	3.8
大连	13.4	6.9	7.3	8.2	8.8	3.7	2.6	2.2
拉萨	1.3	1.7	1.1	0.1	11.3	0.3	2.0	0.1
南宁	12.3	7.6	2.0	6.8	9.4	3.7	2.3	1.5
番禺	11.3	8.2	4.0	12.0	9.3	3.3	3.3	1.4
西安	34.5	8.6	9.7	3.6	3.0	4.4	1.0	2.9
郑州	22.7	12.3	9.1	18.5	9.6	8.5	3.1	5.8
古城	17.8	4.9	7.3	7.4	9.7	3.2	4.2	2.1
金沙	14.3	12.3	2.0	14.2	7.3	6.2	1.4	3.5
临安	12.3	9.5	3.6	12.0	8.2	4.0	2.4	2.4
龙凤山	10.4	2.0	1.5	2.1	5.3	1.7	0.9	0.8

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表 6 以前文献中给出的WRF-Chem模式和MODIS卫星云特性数据对比

云参数	区域	时间/年	模式参数方案	平均偏差（MB）	归一化平均偏差（NMB，%）	相关系数	参考文献
云光学厚度（COD）	中国	2005	AR-G00	-8.1	-48.4	0.8	Zhang等^[69]
		2005	FN Series	-6.6	-39.6	0.8
		2010	AR-G00	-6.4	-40.1	0.1
		2010	FN Series	-4.6	-29.3	0.8
	美国	2001		-11.9	-74.7		Zhang等^[70]
云量（CLDF）/%	中国	2005	AR-G00	-0.1	10.4	0.8	Zhang等^[69]
		2005	FN Series	-0.1	-9.7	0.8
		2010	AR-G00	-0.1	-8.5	0.8
		2010	FN Series	-0.1	-7.8	0.8
	美国	2001		-3.1	-5.6		Zhang等^[70]
云水含量（LWP）/（g/m²）	中国	2005	AR-G00	-61.9	-54.4	0.9	Zhang等^[69]
		2005	FN Series	-49.6	-43.7	0.8
		2010	AR-G00	-49.5	-47.3	0.9
		2010	FN Series	-34.8	-33.3	0.8
	美国	2001		-23.5	-67.7		Zhang等^[70]

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