CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE EXTREME PRECIPITATION AND ITS PRELIMINARY CAUSES OVER MAINLAND OF THE SOUTH CHINA
-
摘要: 基于1960—2014年中国广东、广西地区(简称两广地区)184个台站的逐日降水资料、热带气旋(TC)最佳路径集以及ERA-Interim、ERA-40再分析资料,利用TC降水天气图客观识别法、TC路径相似面积指数、动态合成法,从TC过程最大日降水的角度,分析了两广地区TC极端降水的时空特征, 并针对主要特征进行成因诊断。结果表明:50年来,两广地区TC过程的最大日降水≥50、100 mm的频数分别呈-0.66和-0.44次/(10年)的下降趋势,而最大日降水≥250 mm频数则表现出0.16次/(10年)的上升趋势;TC最大日降水频数和强度的大值区主要分布在沿海,并由沿海向内陆递减;大值区相对集中于粤东沿海(东部分区)、珠江三角洲西侧沿海(中部分区)和雷州半岛至广西沿海(西部分区)三个分区,且西部分区在TC最大日降水的平均强度及各级别频次上均为三分区之最大。对比分析发现,造成西部分区极端降水的TC路径规律性较强,主要为TC西行路径,且其登陆点集中在西部分区;对TC极端降水成因分析表明,TC移动速度慢和南海夏季风强度增强均有利于极端降水产生。Abstract: Based on 184 meteorological-station daily precipitation data during 1960-2014 over mainland of the South China(Guangdong and Guangxi), Tropical Cyclone(TC) Best Track Dataset, ERA-interim Reanalysis Dataset and ERA-40 Reanalysis Dataset, and applying the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique(OSAT), tropical cyclone track similarity area index(TSAI) and the dynamic composite analysis, analyses were carried out on characteristics of TC extreme precipitation and its preliminary causes from a perspective of TC maximum daily precipitation (TMP). Results display that, during the past 50 years, regional-mean frequencies of TMPs above 50 mm, 100 mm and 250 mm show -0.66 times/(10 y) and -0.44 times/(10 y) decreasing trends and 0.16 times/(10 y) increasing trend with obvious interannual variations, respectively. Frequencies and intensities of different level TMPs present a similar distribution pattern of large values distributing mainly along the coastal regions and decreasing quickly from coastal regions to inland regions. In addition, large values concentrate in three subregions: the eastern coast of Guangdong(the eastern subregion), the western coast of the Pearl River Delta(the middle subregion) and the coast from the Leizhou Peninsula to coast of Guangxi(the western subregion), with the western subregion being the one with largest values of intensity and frequency. Comparison analysis reveals that, the TCs, which cause extreme precipitation in the western subregion, have tracks of the strongest regularity with mainly westward movement and landfall locations concentrating within the area. Meanwhile, causes analysis preliminarily reveals that TC's slow movement and reinforcement of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon are in favor of producing extreme precipitation.
-
图 10 强、弱降水组TC最大降水日的前、后平均的逐日南海夏季风强度指数[52]
D代表TC最大降水日,D-1和D1分别为前1日和后1日,其余以此类推。箭头表示增强。
表 1 960—2014年三个分区不同级别的TC最大日降水频次和暴雨以上TC最大日降水的平均降水量
区域 ≥50 mm的频次 ≥100 mm的频次 ≥250 mm的频次 ≥50 mm的平均降水量/mm 西部分区 180 133 43 182.9 中部分区 130 92 21 163.5 东部分区 164 102 22 151.5 合计 474 327 86 -
[1] 陶诗言.中国之暴雨[M].北京:科学出版社, 1980: 121-132. [2] 陈联寿, 丁一汇.西太平洋台风概论[M].北京:科学出版社, 1979: 440-481; 26-27; 469. [3] 陈联寿, 董克勤, 金汉良, 等译.热带气旋全球观[M].北京:气象出版社, 1994. [4] 陈联寿, 徐祥德, 罗哲贤, 等.热带气旋动力学引论[M].北京:气象出版社, 2002: 17-27; 211-313. [5] 郑庆林, 吴军, 蒋平.地形对9216号台风暴雨增幅影响的数值研究[J].南京气象学报, 1996, 19(1): 8-17. [6] LIN Y L, ENSLEY D B, CHIAO S, et al. Orographic influences on rainfall and track deflection associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 2002, 130(12): 2 929-2 950. [7] BOSART L F, LACKMANN G M. Postlandfall tropical cyclone reintensification in a weakly baroclinic environment: A case study of Hurricane David (September 1979)[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1995, 123(11): 3 268. [8] 董美莹, 薛根元, 郑沛群. 2004年西北太平洋热带气旋的活动特点与成因研究[J].热带气象学报, 2006, 22(10): 498-504. [9] 仇永炎.北方盛夏台风暴雨的天气型及其年际变率[J].气象, 1997, 23(7): 3-9. [10] 孙建华, 赵思雄.登陆台风引发的暴雨过程之诊断研究[J].大气科学, 2000, 24(2):223-237. [11] DONG M Y, CHEN L S, LI Y, et al. Rainfall reinforcement associated with landfalling tropical cyclones[J]. J Atmos Sci, 2010, 67(11): 3 541-3 558. [12] BAEK E H, KIM J H, KUG J S, et al. Favorable versus unfavorable synoptic backgrounds for indirect precipitation events ahead of tropical cyclones approaching the Korean Peninsula: A comparison of two cases[J]. Asia-pac J Atmos Sci, 2013, 49(3): 333-346. [13] ATALLAH E, BOSART L F, AIYYER A R. Precipitation distribution associated with landing falling tropical cyclones over the Eastern United States[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 2007, 135(6): 2 185-2 206. [14] BAO X, DAVIDSON N E, YU H, et al. Diagnostics for an extreme rain event near Shanghai, during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013)[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 2015, 143(9): 3 377-3 405. [15] 余志豪.台风螺旋雨带-涡旋Rossby波[J].气象学报, 2002, 60(4): 502-507. [16] CHOW K C, CHAN K L, LAU A K H. Generation of moving spiral bands in the tropical cyclones[J]. J Atmos Sci, 2002, 59(20): 2 930-2 950. [17] 李英, 王继志, 陈联寿, 等.台风麦莎(Matsa)德波状降水特征研究[J].科学通报, 2007, 52(3): 344-353. [18] CHANG C P, LEI Y, SUI C H, et al. Tropical cyclone and extreme rainfall trends in East Asian summer monsoon since mid-20th century[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2012, 39(18): 93-94. [19] WU Y, WU S, ZHAI P. The impact of tropical cyclones on Hainan Island's extreme and total precipitation[J]. Internat J Climatol, 1999, 27(8): 1 059-1 064. [20] SU Z, REN F, WEI J, et al. Changes in monsoon and tropical cyclone extreme precipitation in Southeast China from 1960 to 2012[J]. Trop Cycl Res Rev, 2016, DOI: 10.6057/2015TCRR01.02. [21] 毛夏, 贺忠, 毛绍荣.华南热带气旋特大暴雨的统计特征[J].热带气象学报, 1996, 12(1): 78-84. [22] 巢清尘, 巢纪平.影响中国及关键经济区热带气旋降水的气候趋势及极端性特征[J].大气科学, 2014, 38(6): 1 029-1 040. [23] 覃卫坚, 李耀先, 廖雪萍.广西热带气旋的暴雨统计分析及数值模拟[J].气象研究与应用, 2013, 34(1): 1-6. [24] 杨洪玉, 侯雪梅, 陈柯, 等. 0809号强热带风暴"北冕"强降水分析[J].气象研究与应用, 2009, 30(A02): 39-40. [25] 陈训来, 吴池胜, 何夏江, 等.台风Utor登陆广东过程的数值研究[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版, 2005, 44(2): 102-106. [26] 何立, 覃丹宇, 黄小燕, 等. FY2卫星云图分析系统在热带气旋北冕过程中的应用[J].气象, 2010, 36(9): 21-28. [27] 蒋小平, 刘春霞, 费志宾, 等.南海夏季风对强热带风暴Bilis(0604) 引发暴雨的影响[J].热带气象学报, 2008, 24(4): 379-384. [28] 程正泉, 陈联寿, 李英.大陆高压对强热带风暴碧利斯内陆强降水影响[J].应用气象学报, 2013, 24(3): 257-267. [29] GAO S, MENG Z, ZHANG F, et al. Observational analysis of heavy rainfall mechanisms associated with severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006) after its landfall[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 2009, 137(6): 1 881-1 897. [30] 张清华, 吴建成, 刘蕾, 等.热带风暴莲花外围特大暴雨的成因分析[J].气象, 2012, 38(5): 543-551. [31] 潘杰丽, 张雪波, 潘静, 等. 1213号台风"启德"造成的大风及强降水浅析[J].气象研究与应用, 2012, 33(S2): 40-41. [32] 王军君, 陈见, 梁维亮, 等. 1213号台风"启德"路径和暴雨成因分析[J].气象研究与应用, 2012, 33(A2): 78-79. [33] 陈见, 赖珍权, 罗小莉, 等. "尤特"超强台风残留低涡引发的广西特大暴雨成因分析[J].暴雨灾害, 2014, 33(1): 19-25. [34] 梁宝荣, 陈秋吉, 丁绍金. 0907号热带风暴"天鹅"特征分析[J].气象研究与应用, 2010, 31(S2): 35-36. [35] 任福民, GLEASON B, EASTERLING D R.一种识别热带气旋降水的数值方法[J].热带气象学报, 2001, 17(3): 308-313. [36] REN F, WANG Y, WANG X, et al. Estimating tropical cyclone precipitation from station observations[J].大气科学进展, 2007, 24(4): 700-711. [37] 任福民, 吴国雄, 王小玲, 等.近60年影响中国之热带气旋[M].北京:气象出版社, 2011: 15-19. [38] JIANG Y-X, LI J-P, WANG Y. Effect of tropical cyclone precipitation on alleviating the drought situation of southeast coastal regions of China in summer and autumn-using the improved objective synoptic analysis technique[J]. J Trop Meteorol, 2016, 23(3): 277-286. [39] 姚丽娜, 任健, 罗哲贤.华东地区登陆台风降水变化的初步研究[J].大气科学学报, 2009, 32(1): 87-93. [40] 林小红, 任福民, 刘爱鸣, 等.近46年影响福建的台风降水的气候特征分析[J].热带气象学报, 2008, 24(4): 411-416. [41] 韦青, 任福民, 张庆红, 等.西北太平洋热带气旋降水特征分析[J].热带气象学报, 2010, 26(3): 293-300. [42] 匡礼勇. 增暖环境下影响华南热带气旋及其降水量的研究[D]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2008. [43] 王咏梅, 任福民, 李维京, 等.中国台风降水的气候特征[J].热带气象学报, 2008, 24(3): 233-238. [44] REN F, QIU W, JIANG X, et al. An objective index for identifying tropical cyclone track similarity[J]. Q J R Meteorol Soc, 2017, Submitted. [45] 李英. 登陆热带气旋维持机制的研究[D]. 北京: 中国气象科学研究院, 2004. [46] 李英, 陈联寿, 王继志.登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征[J].气象学报, 2004, 62(2): 167-179. [47] 徐祥德, 徐建民, 王继志, 等.大气遥感再分析场构造技术与原理[M].北京:气象出版社, 2003: 230. [48] ZHAI P, ZHANG X, WAN H, et al. Trends in total precipitation and frequency of daily precipitation extremes over China[J]. J Clim, 2005, 18(7): 1 096-1 108. [49] 翟盘茂, 任福民.中国降水极值变化趋势检测[J].气象学报, 1999(2): 208-216. [50] YEN T H, WU C C, LIEN G Y. Rainfall simulations of Typhoon Morakot with controlled translation speed based on EnKF data assimilation[J]. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci, 2011, 22(6): 647-660. [51] 黄滢, 许文龙, 郭亮, 等. 0917秋季台风"芭玛"移动特点和暴雨成因分析[J].气象研究与应用, 2012(S1): 19-21. [52] 何金海, 丁一汇, 高辉, 等.南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数[M].北京:气象出版社, 2001: 67-70.