Analysis of Lightning Activity and Radar Echo Characteristics of Super Typhoon Mujigae (2015) Based on Multi-Source Data
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摘要: 利用地球网络全闪系统(ENTLS)资料、CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径集的台风数据和GPM(Global Precipitation Measurement)/DPR(Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar)卫星资料，分析超强台风“彩虹”全生命期的闪电活动和雷达回波特征。(1) 增强阶段TC呈现出明显的三圈结构特征，内核区(0~80 km)存在一个闪电密集区，内雨带(80~160 km)内少有闪电活动，大于160 km的外围雨带的闪电活动又显著增加。(2) 径向分布随时间的变化指出，内核闪电与外雨带闪电的活跃期不一致；在台风最大风速达到峰值的前1 h，内核闪电活动爆发；闪电密度于生成阶段10月2日15时在320 km附近达到峰值。(3) 径向分布随强度的变化表明，内核区闪电主要出现在超强台风等级，内雨带的闪电活动仅在热带风暴和强热带风暴级别有体现。外雨带的闪电活动，不同等级TC展现的活跃区域不同，且随着TC强度的增强，活跃区沿径向方向向外移动；强度减弱，闪电活动区域沿径向向里缩小至160~400 km。(4) 闪电活动和雷达回波参数关系表明，零度层高度超过5 km为彩虹台风闪电发生的前提条件，且回波顶高至少要发展到10 km以上，混相层中有过冷水或大冰晶粒子，才有利于闪电的发生。Abstract: Utilizing data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning System (ENTLS), typhoon data from the CMA Tropical Cyclone Best Track Dataset, and GPM / DPR satellite data, this study analyzed lightning activity and radar echo characteristics throughout the lifecycle of Super Typhoon Mujigae. The findings indicate that: (1) During its intensification, the typhoon exhibited a distinct triple-ring structure, with a dense lightning zone in the inner core (0-80 km), sparse lightning activity in the inner rainband (80-160 km), and significantly increased lightning activity in the outer rainband extending beyond 160 km. (2) Temporal changes in the radial distribution reveal asynchronous inner core and outer rainband lightning activity. A surge in inner core lightning activity occurred one hour before the typhoon reached its peak wind speed. This surge peaked in terms of lightning density within a 320 km radius at 15:00 on October 2, 2015, during the genesis process. (3) Changes in intensity-related radial distribution show that inner core lightning primarily occurred in super typhoons, inner rainband lightning was evident only in tropical storms and strong tropical storms.Outer rainband lightning activity was showed different active regions of varying intensities. Moreover, as TC intensity increased, the outer rainband lightning activity expanded radially outward, and the area of lightning activity shrinks radial inward to 160-400 km range when the TC intensity decreases. (4) The relationship between lightning activity and radar echo parameters reveals that a zero-degree layer height exceeding 5 km was a prerequisite for the lightning of Typhoon Mujigae, and a cloud top height of at least 10 km was necessary for the upward transport of ice-water mixtures. The presence of supercooled water or large ice crystals in the mixed-phase layer was found to be conducive to lightning occurrence.
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Key words:
- super typhoon /
- Mujigae /
- lightning /
- ENTLS /
- GPM/DPR
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图 4 不同时期距台风“彩虹”中心800 km内的闪电密度的径向空间分布
a. 全生命期；b. 生成阶段；c.增强阶段；d. 减弱阶段。黑圆线半径分别为80 km、160 km、800 km，灰圆线半径为每200 km往外递增。
图 6 距TC中心不同距离上闪电密度随时间的变化
闪电密度数值低于0.02的区域设为白色；彩色折线为TC最大风速，不同颜色代表TC的不同强度等级。蓝色：热带风暴；黄色：强热带风暴；橙色：台风；粉色：强台风；红色：超强台风。
图 7 不同强度台风“彩虹”闪电活动的径向分布特征
a. 闪电密度；b. 闪电频次；c. 径向距离的闪电次数占比。黄色表示强度第一次为TS-STS级别，绿色表示强度第一次为TY-STY级别，蓝色表示强度为SuperTY级别，红色表示强度第二次为TY-STY级别(用STY-TY表示)，黑色表示强度第二次为TS-STS级别(用STS-TS表示)。
图 8 GPM/DPR观测到的台风降水率水平分布
a. 10月1日17:54；b. 10月3日17:43；c. 10月4日07:36。AB为做剖面的线段，蓝色实线为内核区和内雨带，b中O为台风中心，L、M为AB与内圈的交点、N为AB与外圈的交点，加号代表闪电。
图 10 GPM/DPR观测到的台风回波顶高度的水平分布
a. 10月1日17:54；b. 10月3日17:43；c. 10月4日07:36。蓝色实线为内核区和内雨带，加号代表闪电。
图 11 GPM/DPR观测到的台风零度层高度的水平分布
a. 10月1日17:54；b. 10月3日17:43；c. 10月4日07:36。蓝色实线为内核区和内雨带，加号代表闪电。
表 1 2015年10月1日17时—4日23时广东及周边地区ENTLS与ADTD探测的地闪回击数和匹配的回击数
ENTLS地闪回击数(ADTD相对探测效率) ADTD地闪回击数(ENTLS相对探测效率) 匹配回击数 37 501(7%) 3 468(74%) 2 568 
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