Analysis of Raindrop Size Distribution of Precipitation During Flood Season in the Northern and Coastal Regions of South China Sea
-
摘要: 本文利用南海永兴岛气象观测站2020—2022年以及广东省珠海市、广州市和佛山市三站2018— 2022年的一维雨滴谱观测数据，分析了中国南海沿海和南海北部前/后汛期降水的雨滴谱特征，包括不同汛期的Dm-Nw分布特征，粒径谱随降水强度和昼夜的变化规律，以及μ-Λ和Z-R关系式等。结果表明：受海洋较低气溶胶浓度和较大蒸发量的影响，海洋汛期降水的小雨滴数浓度低于沿海地区。对于给定的降水强度，当其小于10 mm·h-1时，海洋和沿海前/后汛期降水中型雨滴的拟合谱变化趋势几乎一致；而随着降水强度的增大，不同类型降水之间的中型和大型雨滴数浓度差异逐渐增大。沿海和海洋汛期降水的大雨滴主要集中在后汛期的傍晚和夜间降水。对于μ-Λ关系，同一区域内其具有相似性，但随着Λ的增大，沿海前汛期和后汛期降水的μ值出现较大差异，其中沿海后汛期降水的μ值大于前汛期。表明前汛期降水中的小雨滴浓度低于后汛期，高浓度的小雨滴是μ相对较小的原因。此外，不同纬度的Z-R关系式存在较大差异，沿海后汛期降水的雨滴直径和数浓度均大于前汛期，海洋前/后汛期降水的雨滴直径和数浓度类似。Abstract: This study analyzes the characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the coastal areas and the northern regions of the South China Sea during pre- and post-monsoon periods. The study utilizes one-dimensional observation data from the Yongxing Island Observatory in the South China Sea from 2020 to 2022, and from three stations including Zhuhai, Guangzhou, and Foshan in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2022. The analysis includes the Dm-Nw distribution characteristics in different flood seasons, the variations of the particle size distribution with rainfall intensity and diurnal variations, and the μ-Λ and Z-R relationships. The results show that, influenced by lower aerosol concentrations and higher evaporation rates over the ocean, the number concentration of small raindrops in oceanic flood season precipitation is lower than that in coastal precipitation. For a given rainfall intensity, when it is less than 10 mm·h-1, the fitted spectra of medium-sized raindrops in oceanic and coastal precipitation show almost consistent trends across pre - and post-flood season. However, with increasing rainfall intensity, the difference in number concentration of medium and large raindrops among different precipitation types gradually increases. The number of large raindrops in both coastal and oceanic precipitation is mainly concentrated in the evening and nighttime during the post-flood season. The μ-Λ relationships within the same region show similarity. As Λ increases, the μ values of coastal pre- and post-flood season precipitation show significant differences, with the μ value of post-flood season precipitation being larger than that of the pre-flood season. This indicates that the concentration of small raindrops in pre-flood season precipitation is lower than that in post-flood season precipitation, and the high concentration of small raindrops is the reason for the relatively small μ. Furthermore, significant differences exist in the Z-R relationships at different latitudes. The raindrop diameter and number concentration in coastal post-flood season precipitation are both larger than those in the pre-flood season, while these parameters in oceanic pre- and post-flood season precipitation are similar.
-
图 1 广东省（a）和湖南省（b）地图以及雨滴谱仪部署位置
广东省雨滴谱仪（OTT2，蓝色“C”）分别部署在珠海市、佛山市和广州市；海南省雨滴谱仪（PW，蓝色“C”）部署在三沙市永兴岛。
图 3 对流（Conv）和层云（Stra）降水的雨滴平均质量加权粒径（Dm）和标准化截距参数log10Nw数据对的空间分布图
a. 沿海前汛期；b. 沿海后汛期；c. 海洋前汛期；d. 海洋后汛期。灰色实线和虚线矩形框分别表示Bringi等[29]定义的海洋性和大陆性对流区，绿色实线表示层云和对流降水的分界线，点状符号和加号符号分别表示前汛期和后汛期降水。
图 6 前汛期和后汛期降水在不同降水强度下的Dm (a)和log10Nw (b)的差异图
图中矩形框的中间线、顶部和底部线分别表示50th、75th和25th百分位，而矩形上端和下端的实线则表示95th和5th百分位。图中红色、蓝色、黄色和绿色分别代表沿海前汛期（Pre Coastal）、沿海后汛期（Post Coastal）、海洋前汛期（Pre Ocean）和海洋后汛期（Post Ocean）。
图 7 每3小时（00—03时、03—06时、06—09时、09—12时、12—15时、15—18时、18—21时、21—00时）中降水粒子的δ (D, T)
a. 沿海前汛期；b. 沿海后汛期；c. 海洋前汛期；d. 海洋后汛期。
图 8 同图 6，但为每3小时（00—03时、03—06时、06—09时、09—12时、12—15时、15—18时、18—21时、21—00时）沿海和海洋降水的Dm (a)和log10Nw (b)的箱线图
表 1 雨滴谱仪观测时间及观测地点
观测地点 观测时间（北京时间，下同） 观测仪器 珠海 20180717—20220605 OTT2 佛山 20180601—20220104 OTT2 广州 20200401—20211017 OTT2 永兴岛 20200401—20211231 PW 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 沿海和海洋前汛期不同类型降水的样本数，均值降水强度以及总降水的百分比
降水类型 沿海前汛期 海洋前汛期 样本数 均值降水强度/mm 百分比 样本数 均值降水强度/mm 百分比 对流 343 13.09 11.25% 56 13.5 7.4% 层云 2 707 1.5 88.75% 700 0.78 92.6% 总降水 3 049 2.77 100% 756 1.72 100%
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 沿海和海洋后汛期不同类型降水的样本数，均值降水强度以及总降水的百分比
降水类型 后汛期 南海后汛期 样本数 均值降水强度/mm 百分比 样本数 均值降水强度/mm 百分比 对流 428 13.6 11.36% 167 15.1 8.9% 层云 3 339 1.5 88.64% 1 697 0.86 91.1% 总降水 3 767 2.84 100% 1 864 2.06 100%
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] CHEN Y, LIU H Z, AN J L, et al. Error analysis and intercalibrations of vertically pointing radars on the rainfall measurement[J]. Chinese J Atmos Sci, 2010, 34(6): 1 114-1 126. [2] SALLES C, POESEN J, SEMPERE-TORRES D. Kinetic energy of rain and its functional relationship with intensity[J]. J Hydrol, 2002, 257 (1-4): 256-270. [3] 郭东静, 陈锡云, 马晶, 等. 基于雨滴谱的人工降雨系统效能评估[J]. 水土保持学报, 2015, 29(4): 85-90. [4] 黄兴友, 印佳楠, 马雷, 等. 南京地区雨滴谱参数的详细统计分析及其在天气雷达探测中的应用[J]. 大气科学, 2019, 43(3): 14. [5] 刘黎明, 陈创买, 祝薇, 等. 广东分区降水的趋势和周期分析[J]. 中山大学学报(自然科学版), 1998, (S2): 126-129. [6] 王祝. 广东省降水的趋势变化和时空分布特性分析[J]. 人民珠江, 2006(2): 37-39+50. [7] 闫桂霞, 李登华. 1953~2010年期间广东降水的变化特征分析[J]. 水电能源科学, 2012, 30(10): 6-8+214. [8] MILBRANDT J A, YAU M K. A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part Ⅱ: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme description[J]. J Atmos Sci, 2005, 62(9): 3 065-3 081. [9] MA K -Y, BOSART L F. A synoptic overview of a heavy rain event in southern China[J]. Wea Forecasting, 1987, 2(2): 89-112. [10] 赵玉春, 王叶红. 近30年华南前汛期暴雨研究概述[J]. 暴雨灾害, 2009, 28(3): 193-202+228. [11] WANG D X, LIU Y, QI Y Q, et al. Seasonal variability of thermal fronts in the northern South China Sea from satellite data[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2001, 28(20): 3 963-3 966. [12] LIN A L, LIANG J Y, GU D J, et al. On the relationship between convection intensity of South China Sea summer monsoon and air-sea temperature difference in the tropical oceans[J]. Acta Oceanol Sin, 2004, 23(2): 267-278. [13] DUNCAN D I, ERIKSSON P, PFREUNDSCHUH S, et al. On the distinctiveness of observed oceanic raindrop distributions[J]. Atmos Chem Phy, 2019, 19(10): 6 969-6 984. [14] TANG Q, XIAO H, GUO C W, et al. Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China[J]. Atmos Res, 2014, 135-136: 59-75. [15] CHEN B J, YANG J, PU J P. Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the meiyu season observed in eastern China[J]. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser Ⅱ, 2013, 91(2): 215-227. [16] ZHANG A, HU J J, CHEN S, et al. Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the monsoon season observed in southern China [J]. Remote Sens, 2019, 11(4): 432. [17] 邓雪娇, 黄浩辉, 吴兑. 广州地区汛期强降水的微物理特征[J]. 热带气象学报, 1996, 12(2): 167-173. [18] FENG L, HU S, LIU Z T, et al. Precipitation microphysical characteristics of Typhoon Mangkhut in Southern China using 2D video disdrometers[J]. Atmosphere, 2020, 11(9). [19] 冯璐, 夏丰, 万齐林, 等. 广东两次飑线过程的微物理特征分析研究[J]. 热带气象学报, 2019, 35(6): 812-821. [20] BAO X W, WU L G, ZHANG S, et al. Distinct raindrop size distributions of convective inner‐ and outer‐rainband rain in Typhoon Maria (2018)[J]. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2020, 11(9): 975. [21] WEN J, ZHAO K, HUANG H, et al. Evolution of microphysical structure of a subtropical squall line observed by a polarimetric radar and a disdrometer during OPACC in Eastern China[J]. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122(15): 8 033-8 050. [22] 高建秋, 阮征, 游积平, 等. 广东东莞不同类型云的雨滴谱和降水特征[J]. 气象科技, 2015, 43(6): 1 085-1 094. [23] 吕童, 李侃, 樊鹏磊. 登陆台风雨滴谱特征观测[D]. 南京: 南京大学, 2018. [24] 陈爱莲, 丁妙增. 降水现象仪的比对与分析[J]. 气象水文海洋仪器, 2017, 34(1): 8-12. [25] 温龙. 中国东部地区夏季降水雨滴谱特征分析[D]. 南京: 南京大学, 2016. [26] 吴林林. 利用雨滴谱对移动双偏振雷达进行质量控制及降水估测[D]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2016. [27] TOKAY A, WOLFF D B, PETERSEN W A. Evaluation of the new version of the laser-optical disdrometer, OTT Parsivel2[J]. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 2014, 31(6): 1 276-1 288. [28] BRANDES E A, ZHANG G, VIVEKANANDAN J. Experiments in rainfall estimation with a polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment[J]. J Appl Meteorol, 2002, 41(6): 674-685. [29] BRINGI V N, CHANDRASEKAR V, HUBBERT J, et al. Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dualpolarized radar analysis[J]. J Atmos Sci, 2003, 60(2): 354-365. [30] DOLAN B, FUCHS B, RUTLEDGE S A, et al. Primary modes of global drop size distributions[J]. J Atmos Sci, 2018, 75(5): 1 453-1 476. [31] LAU K M, WU H T. Warm rain processes over tropical oceans and climate implications[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2003, 30(24): 2 290. [32] WEN L, ZHAO K, WANG M Y, et al. Seasonal variations of observed raindrop size distribution in East China[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2019, 36 (4): 346-362. [33] SEELA B K, JANAPATI J, LIN P -L, et al. A comparison study of summer season raindrop size distribution between Palau and Taiwan, two islands in western Pacific[J]. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122(21): 11 787-11 805. [34] RADHAKRISHNA B, NARAYANA RAO T. Differences in cyclonic raindrop size distribution from southwest to northeast monsoon season and from that of noncyclonic rain[J]. J Geophys Res, 2010, 115(D16): D16205. [35] 郑娇恒, 陈宝君. 雨滴谱分布函数的选择: M-P和Gamma分布的对比研究[J]. 气象科学, 2007, 27(1): 17-25. [36] MARZUKI M, SURYANTI K, YUSNAINI H, et al. Diurnal variation of precipitation from the perspectives of precipitation amount, intensity and duration over Sumatra from rain gauge observations[J]. Int J Climatol, 2021, 41(8): 4 386-4 397. [37] WU P, HARA M, HAMADA J, et al. Why a large amount of rain falls over the sea in the vicinity of western Sumatra Island during nighttime [J]. J Appl Meteorol Climatol, 2009, 48(7): 1 345-1 361. [38] DAI A. Global precipitation and thunderstorm frequencies. Part Ⅱ: Diurnal variations[J]. J Clim, 2001, 14(6): 1 112-1 128. [39] ZHANG G, VIVEKANANDAN J, BRANDES E A, et al. The shape-slope relation in observed gamma raindrop size distributions: Statistical error or useful information?[J]. J Atmos Ocean Technol, 2003, 20(8): 1 106-1 119. [40] BRANDES E A, ZHANG G, VIVEKANANDAN J. An evaluation of a drop distribution-based polarimetric radar rainfall estimator[J]. J Appl Meteorol, 2003, 42(5): 652-660. [41] ULBRICH C W. Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution[J]. Int J Clim Appl Meteorol Climatol, 1983, 22 (10): 1 764-1 775. [42] ZHANG G, VIVEKANANDAN J, BRANDES E. A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements[J]. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens, 2001, 39(4): 830-841. [43] HUANG C, CHEN S, ZHANG A, et al. Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in monsoon season over South China Sea[J]. Remote Sens, 2021, 13(15): 2 878. [44] LEE J, JIN H - G, BAIK J - J. Regional differences in raindrop size distribution observed from disdrometers in South Korea and their possible causes[J]. Theor Appl Climatol, 2022, 150(1-2): 847-862. [45] WU Z, ZHANG Y, ZHANG L, et al. Characteristics of summer season raindrop size distribution in three typical regions of western Pacific [J]. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2019, 124(7): 4 054-4 073. [46] ULBRICH C W. Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution[J]. J Clim Appl Meteor, 1983, 22(10): 1 764-1 775. [47] TENÓRIO R S, CRISTINA DA SILVA MORAES M, SAUVAGEOT H. Raindrop size distribution and radar parameters in coastal tropical rain systems of northeastern Brazil[J]. J Appl Meteorol Clim, 2012, 51(11): 1 960-1 970. [48] KOZU T, LGUCHI T, KUBOTA T, et al. Feasibility of raindrop size distribution parameter estimation with TRMM precipitation radar[J]. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser Ⅱ, 2009, 87A: 53-66. [49] TOKAY A, SHORT D A. Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds[J]. J Appl Meteorol, 1996, 35(3): 355-371. [50] Ulbrich C W, Atlas D. Microphysics of raindrop size spectra: Tropical continental and maritime storms[J]. J Appl Meteorol Climatol, 2007, 46(11): 1 777-1 791. [51] FULTON R A, BREIDENBACH J P, SEO D, et al. The WSR-88D rainfall algorithm[J]. Wea Forecast, 1998, 13(2): 377-395. -
点击查看大图
图(10) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 11
- HTML全文浏览量: 8
- PDF下载量: 1
- 被引次数: 0
粤公网安备 4401069904700003号