Variation Characteristics of Wind Energy Resources in Mainland China in the Recent 41 Years
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摘要: 风能的开发利用高度依赖风资源的时空分布特征，中国气候类型多样，风资源分布极不均匀，分区域准确评估其时空分布特征至关重要。陆地风机轮毂高度已从早期的50 m升至100 m，但由于100 m高度风速观测数据的欠缺，既往研究针对100 m高度风资源的分区域研究明显不足，且对表征风能资源储备量与风资源情况的风功率密度研究较少。因此，本文基于最新发布的中国气象局大气再分析数据集（CMA-RA V1.5）中100 m高度（风机轮毂高度）风速资料，并将中国陆地划分为了8个子区域，综合考虑风功率密度、有效风频率、变异系数、风能储量等方面，从多时空尺度全面系统地对近41年中国陆地风能资源的变化特征进行研究，以期为风能开发利用及电力系统调峰优化提供参考。结果表明：（1）100 m高度风功率密度大值区（> 200 W·m-2）集中于三北（西北、华北、东北）和西部地区，其中青藏高原、内蒙古东部、内蒙古西部、新疆东部和甘肃北部春季超500 W·m-2，青藏高原与甘肃北部风功率密度增速显著(16 W·m-2·(10 a）-1)，内蒙古东部与华东地区呈明显下降趋势(-16 W·m-2·(10 a)-1)；（2）100 m高度有效风频率与风功率密度的空间分布、变化趋势特征基本一致；（3）在风能稳定性方面，内蒙古东部、内蒙古西部和甘肃北部、东北等地100 m高度风能变异系数低（< 2），有利于风能资源开发利用；（4）100 m高度风能有效储量高值区（> 3×103 kWh·m-2）集中在青藏高原、内蒙古东部、内蒙古西部、新疆东部、甘肃北部和东北中部。中国陆地风能资源丰富且适宜开发建设风电场的区域分布于三北地区，尤以内蒙古东部、内蒙古西部、新疆东部、甘肃北部为主。Abstract: The development and utilization of wind energy critically rely on the spatiotemporal distribution of wind resources. Given China's diverse climate types and highly uneven wind resources distribution, accurate regional assessment of their spatiotemporal characteristics is essential. While the hub height of land-based wind turbines has increased from 50 m in the early stage to 100 m, previous studies have notably lacked regional research on wind resources at 100 m height due to limited observational data, and insufficient attention has been paid to wind power density-a key indicator for characterizing wind energy potential and wind conditions. Therefore, based on the newly released CMA-RA V1.5 atmospheric reanalysis data at 100 m height (wind turbine hub level) from China Meteorological Administration, this study divides China's land area into eight subregions. By comprehensively considering wind power density, effective wind frequency, coefficient of variation, and wind energy reserves, it systematically investigates the variation characteristics of wind energy resources across China's land areas over the past 41 years at multiple spatiotemporal scales, aiming to provide references for wind energy development and power system peak-shaving optimization. The results indicate that: (1) Areas with high wind power density (> 200 W·m-2) at 100 m height are concentrated in the Three-North regions (Northwest, North, and Northeast China) and western China. Specifically, the Tibetan Plateau, eastern Inner Mongolia, western Inner Mongolia, eastern Xinjiang, and northern Gansu exceed 500 W·m-2 in spring, among which the Tibetan Plateau and northern Gansu show significant increasing trends (16 W·m-2·(10 a)-1), while eastern Inner Mongolia and eastern China exhibit notable decreasing trends (-16 W·m-2·(10 a)-1). (2) The spatial distribution and variation trends of effective wind frequency at 100 m height are generally consistent with those of wind power density. (3) Regarding wind energy stability, regions such as eastern Inner Mongolia, western Inner Mongolia, northern Gansu, and Northeast China demonstrate low coefficients of variation (< 2) at 100 m height, indicating favorable conditions for wind energy development. (4) Areas with high effective wind energy reserves (> 3 × 103 kWh·m-2) at 100 m height are concentrated in the Tibetan Plateau, eastern Inner Mongolia, western Inner Mongolia, eastern Xinjiang, northern Gansu, and central Northeast China. Overall, China's land areas possess abundant wind energy resources, with regions suitable for wind farm construction primarily located in the Three-North regions, particularly eastern Inner Mongolia, western Inner Mongolia, eastern Xinjiang, and northern Gansu.
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Key words:
- wind resources /
- wind power density /
- CMA-RA reanalysis data /
- hub height /
- mainland China
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图 4 1979—2019年中国陆地100 m高度风功率密度变化趋势空间分布(单位：W·m-2·(10 a)-1)
实心点表示通过0.05显著性检验。a. 全年；b. 春季；c. 夏季；d. 秋季；e. 冬季。
图 7 1979—2019年中国陆地100 m高度有效风频率变化趋势空间分布（单位：（10 a）-1，实心点表示通过0.05显著性检验）
a. 全年；b. 春季；c. 夏季；d. 秋季；e. 冬季。
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