Analysis of Wind-Wave Coupling Characteristics During Typical Typhoons Based on Buoy Observations and Applicability Evaluation of ERA5 Data
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摘要: 基于茂名和南海浮标站对台风“暹芭”、“泰利”和超强台风“摩羯”的完整观测数据，系统分析了台风风浪耦合致灾特征，并评估了ERA5再分析数据在台风条件下的适用性。结果表明，（1）台风强度与波高显著正相关，最大波高可达16.7 m；有效波高峰值滞后风速峰值0.5~1.0 h。（2）波周期增长始于台风外围，风速超过20 m·s-1后趋于平衡；眼区风向急转可致风—波夹角超60°，对海洋工程结构产生异向荷载扭矩。（3）超强台风“摩羯”引发的灾害性海浪的影响半径可达251 km，持续27 h；台风波浪呈“涌浪—混合浪—风浪—混合浪”演变，眼壁区强风与大波陡叠加。（4）ERA5能再现台风外围风浪场趋势，但对眼壁区最大风速和有效波高的低估幅度分别为21%~48%和26%~50%。本研究构建了基于ERA5风速（或有效波高）及离台风中心距离的订正模型。研究结果可为海洋工程的抗台风风浪设计提供科学依据。Abstract: Based on the complete observational datasets from the Maoming and Nanhai Buoy Stations during Typhoon Chaba, Typhoon Talim and Super Typhoon Yagi, this study analyzes the coupled disaster-inducing characteristics of typhoon wind-waves and comparatively evaluates the applicability of ERA5 reanalysis data under typhoon conditions. The results indicate that: (1) Typhoon intensity is significantly positively correlated with wave height, with the maximum significant wave height reaching 16.7 m. The peak significant wave height lags behind the peak wind speed by 0.5-1.0 h. (2) Wave period starts to increase at the typhoon periphery and tends to stabilize when wind speed exceeds 20 m·s-1. The sharp wind direction shift within the eye region can induce a wind-wave angle exceeding 60°, generating oblique wave loads and torques on offshore engineering structures. (3) The extreme waves induced by Super Typhoon Yagi extended to an influence radius of 251 km and persisted for 27 hours. The typhoon wave evolution followed a sequence from swell to mixed sea to wind sea and finally to mixed sea, with strong winds and large wave steepness co-occurring in the eye wall region. (4) ERA5 can reproduce the spatial trend of wind and wave fields in the typhoon periphery, but underestimates the maximum wind speed and significant wave height in the eye wall region by 21%-48% and 26%-50%, respectively. In this study, a correction model is established based on ERA5 wind speed (or significant wave height) and the distance from the typhoon center. These findings provide a scientific basis for the typhoon-resistant design of offshore engineering structures.
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表 1 台风过程的风参数统计
台风个例 浮标站 风速时程曲线形态 10 min平均风速极值/(m·s-1) 3 s阵风极值/(m·s-1) 台风眼区附近最小风速/(m·s-1) 八级风风向连续偏转角度/° 暹芭 茂名 “M”型双峰 27.2 35.7 9.0 193 泰利 茂名 “M”型双峰 32.5 44.0 5.7 163 摩羯 南海 “M”型双峰 48.2 62.0 8.8 227 
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表 2 台风过程不同波型的有效波高和对应波周期范围
台风个例 浮标站 涌浪 混合浪 风浪 Hs/m Ts/s Hs/m Ts/s Hs/m Ts/s 暹芭 茂名 0.4~0.7 6.0~7.0 0.6~3.3 4.8~8.8 1.5~6.4 5.7~9.4 泰利 茂名 0.4~1.4 6.0~9.1 0.6~2.9 4.7~9.5 2.2~7.6 7.0~8.9 摩羯 南海 0.9~1.6 8.8~9.6 1.4~4.7 7.3~11.8 2.4~11.5 7.2~11.8
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表 3 ERA5风速与浮标实测的台风参数统计对比
台风 暹芭 泰利 摩羯 浮标实测 ERA5 浮标实测 ERA5 浮标实测 ERA5 前眼壁最大风速/(m·s-1) 26.3 17.2 32.1 16.8 42.5 22.6 后眼壁最大风速/(m·s-1) 26.2 18.0 28.0 15.7 43.4 23.7 前眼壁最大风速半径/km 75 103 32 94 13 94 后眼壁最大风速半径/km 54 117 56 113 43 79
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表 4 ERA5有效波高与浮标实测的台风海浪参数统计对比
台风 暹芭 泰利 摩羯 浮标实测 ERA5 浮标实测 ERA5 浮标实测 ERA5 前眼壁有效波高最大值/m 6.4 4.3 7.4 3.7 10.9 7.4 后眼壁有效波高最大值/m 5.5 4.1 5.3 3.1 9.5 6.7
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