Radar Characteristics and Key Environmental Conditions of the Tornado Outbreak Associated with Typhoon Bualoi
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摘要: 2025年9月28-29日, 2520号台风"博罗依"在华南三省共引发了27个龙卷。本文基于现场调查、多源观测及欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代大气再分析资料(ERA5), 分析了龙卷爆发的时空分布、环境条件和风暴的雷达特征。结果表明:龙卷强度总体偏弱(1个EF2级、21个EF0~EF1级, 另有3个龙卷未灾调定强和2个水龙卷), 其中29日08—15时在湛江北部集中发生了15个龙卷(占比55.6%)。28日15—18时和29日08—15时龙卷生成环境的热力与动力条件呈互补特征:28日表现为较高的0~1 km风暴相对螺旋度(SRH1)和较小混合层对流有效位能(MLCAPE为$ 300 \sim 500 \mathrm{~J} \cdot \mathrm{~kg}^{-1} $);相反, 29日表现为中等SRH1和明显增大的MLCAPE($ 800 \sim $ $ 1100 \mathrm{~J} \cdot \mathrm{~kg}^{-1} $)。两日能量差异源于中低层气温直减率不同:28日强降水导致低层气温偏低, 29日降水减弱气温回升并伴随中层干冷空气侵入使得雨滴蒸发冷却环境, 导致中低层气温直减率增大, 不稳定能量显著升高。综合热力和动力因子的强龙卷风指数(STP)对龙卷指示效果优于单环境参数。湛江中北部长时间维持的地面风场辐合线为超级单体风暴在该区域反复生成提供了有利的触发条件。龙卷母体风暴主要为低质心微型超级单体, 中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)强度弱(平均旋转速度和速度差分别为$ 13.4 \mathrm{~m} \cdot \mathrm{~s}^{-1}、19.5 \mathrm{~m} \cdot \mathrm{~s}^{-1} $)、尺度小(平均直径2.3 km)。仅28日廉江EF2级龙卷形成前具有低层中气旋收缩增强及出现TVS的明显前兆特征, 龙卷形成后可见明显龙卷碎片特征(TDS);其余龙卷(主要为弱龙卷)的低层中气旋和TVS提前识别率仅为69%和31%, 且无TDS特征, 监测预警难度大。Abstract: From 28 to 29 September 2025, Typhoon Bualoi spawned 27 tornadoes across three provinces in southern China. Based on on-site disaster surveys, multi-source observations, and ERA5 reanalysis data, this study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution, environmental conditions, and radar signatures of this tornado outbreak. Results indicate that the overall intensity was relatively weak, with 1 EF2 and 21 EF0-EF1 tornadoes. Notably, 15 tornadoes (55.6% of the total) were concentrated in northern Zhanjiang between 08:00 and 15:00 local time (LT) on 29 September. The thermodynamic and dynamic environments favorable for tornado formation during 15: 00-18: 00 LT on the 28th and 08: 00-15: 00 LT on the 29th exhibited complementary characteristics. On the 28th, the environment featured high 0-1 km storm-relative helicity (SRH1) paired with low mixed-layer convective available potential energy (MLCAPE, 300-500 J·kg-1). In contrast, on the 29th, moderate SRH1 coincided with significantly elevated MLCAPE (800-1 100 J·kg-1). This energy discrepancy stemmed from differences in mid-to-lower tropospheric lapse rates: on the 28th, intense precipitation cooled the lower troposphere, whereas on the 29th, reduced precipitation allowed surface temperatures to rebound, and evaporative cooling from dry mid-level air steepened the lapse rate, leading to a marked increase in instability energy. The significant tornado parameter (STP), which integrates thermodynamic and dynamic factors, outperformed individual environmental parameters in tornado detection. A persistent surface wind convergence line over north-central Zhanjiang provided favorable triggering conditions for the repeated initiation of supercell storms. The parent storms of the tornadoes were predominantly low-centroid mini-supercells, featuring weak mesocyclones and tornado vortex signatures (TVS) with low average rotational velocity (13.4 m·s-1), low vertical wind shear (19.5 m·s-1), and small scale (average diameter of 2.3 km). Only the EF2 tornado in Lianjiang on the 28th showed clear precursors: contraction and intensification of the low-level mesocyclone, appearance of TVS prior to tornadogenesis, and a distinct tornado debris signature (TDS) after formation. For other tornadoes (mostly weak events), the early detection rates of low-level mesocyclones and TVS were only 69% and 31%, respectively, with no TDS observed, posing substantial challenges for operational monitoring and early warning.
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Key words:
- tornado outbreak /
- Typhoon Bualoi /
- environmental conditions /
- radar characteristics /
- South China
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图 9 日17时(a)和29日11时(b)基于ERA5数据提取的龙卷发生区域中心位置(分别位于图 7a和7b白色十字位置)探空曲线(黑色和绿色实线分别为环境温度和露点温度, 单位:℃)
图 10 日08:00—22:00(虚线)和29日03:00—17:00(实线)龙卷发生区域内(图 7a和7b黑色虚线矩形)近地面100 hPa混合层与500 hPa温差平均值(蓝色线, 单位:℃)和MLCAPE平均值(红色线, 单位:$ \mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{kg}^{-1} $)演变
表 1 龙卷信息统计
序号 日期(年·月· 日) 北京时间 地点 EF等级 龙卷性质 1 20250928 00:59-01:01 海南省海口市秀英区 EF1 陆龙卷 2 20250928 02:25-02:30 海南省文昌市锦山镇 EF1 陆龙卷 3 20250928 03:47前后 海南省万宁市和乐镇 EF0 水龙卷上岸 4 20250928 15:50前后 广西区北海市银滩海域 无相关指示物信息 水龙卷 5 20250928 16:25前后 广西区北海市铁山港区 EF1 陆龙卷 6 20250928 17:10前后 广西区北海市合浦县 EF1 陆龙卷 7 20250928 17:12前后 广东省湛江市廉江市 EF2 陆龙卷 8 20250928 18:19前后 广西区钦州市浦北县 至少EF1 陆龙卷 9 20250929 02:33前后 广东省湛江市麻章区 EF0 陆龙卷 10 20250929 03:50前后 广东省湛江市遂溪县 EF1 陆龙卷 11 20250929 03:56前后 广东省湛江市遂溪县 EF1 陆龙卷 12 20250929 07:00-07:15 广东省湛江市坡头区 EF1 陆龙卷 13 20250929 08:08前后 广东省湛江市廉江市 EF1 陆龙卷 14 20250929 08:17前后 广东省湛江市霞山区湛江港附近 EF0 水龙卷上岸 15 20250929 08:30前后 广东省湛江市麻章区 EF1 陆龙卷 16 20250929 08:41前后 广东省湛江市霞山区港务局集装箱码头 无相关指示物信息 水龙卷上岸 17 20250929 08:55前后 广东省湛江市霞山区 未灾调 陆龙卷 18 20250929 09:15前后 广东省湛江市廉江市 EF0 陆龙卷 19 20250929 09:22-09:28 广东省湛江市遂溪县 EF1 陆龙卷 20 20250929 09:48前后 广东省湛江市廉江市 EF1 陆龙卷 21 20250929 09:55前后 广东省湛江市麻章区 未灾调 陆龙卷 22 20250929 12:40前后 广东省湛江市廉江市 EF1 陆龙卷 23 20250929 12:50前后 广东省湛江市麻章区 未灾调 陆龙卷 24 20250929 12:55前后 广东省湛江市坡头区 EF0 陆龙卷 25 20250929 14:36-14:37 广东省湛江市廉江市 EF0 陆龙卷 26 20250929 14:40前后 广东省湛江市麻章区 EF0 陆龙卷 27 20250929 14:54前后 广东省湛江市麻章区 EF0 陆龙卷 表 2 2025年9月28日08时-29日08时海口探空站环境参数
时间 MLCAPE/$ \left(\mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{kg}^{-1}\right) $ MLCIN/$ \left(\mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{kg}^{-1}\right) $ $ \mathrm{SHR} 1/\left(\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}\right) $ $ \mathrm{SRH} 1/\left(\mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{~s}^{-2}\right) $ LCL/(m) STP 2808 76 17 22.4 115 127 0.2 2820 713 20 20.1 212 218 1.6 2908 1008 21 20.4 131 222 1.7 广东台风龙卷均值[13] 613 27.6 13.1 159 601 0.7 -
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