Mesoscale Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of a Widespread Extreme Gale Event on 14 May in Henan Province
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摘要: 2024年5月14日夜间, 河南省出现大范围10级以上极端大风, 影响范围广、持续时间长、致灾性强。本文利用常规气象观测、地面加密资料、ERA5再分析资料以及风廓线雷达、双偏振雷达资料等多源数据, 对此次极端大风的发展演变中尺度特征与成因进行分析。结果表明:在500 hPa低槽东移、850 hPa异常强锋区与地面强冷锋共同影响的大气有利环流背景下, 强冷暖对峙形成的强斜压性决定了本次大风范围广、持续久的特征;锋生次级环流、中层干层、低层强温度直减率与高下沉对流有效位能, 为极端大风提供了有利的环境条件。此次极端大风过程可分为显著发展、维持、减弱三个阶段:显著发展阶段表现为多单体组织前向传播为主, 强下沉气流引发局地强风;维持阶段表现为阵风锋快速南下, 冷池密度流以及强变压风造成大风区南下及区域性强风;减弱阶段主要由零散弱对流移经与地形局地强迫为主。降水蒸发冷却、凝结物拖曳与冷空气南下共同形成强冷池, 冷池密度流驱动阵风锋快速南下是极端大风的主要中尺度成因;近地层动量下传进一步增强地面风速。天气尺度冷锋与中尺度冷池、阵风锋叠加, 并配合地形效应, 使强气压梯度与变压梯度长时间维持, 放大了本次极端大风强度、影响范围与持续时间。Abstract: In the night of 14 May 2024, a widespread extreme gale event with gusts exceeding Grade 10 happened in Henan Province, China, characterized by broad spatial coverage, long duration and severe disaster potential. Using conventional upper-air soundings, high spatiotemporal resolution surface observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, wind profiler radars and a network of dual-polarization radar observations, this study investigates the mesoscale characteristics and formation mechanisms of this event. Results show that, under the favorable large scale circulation of the eastward-propadating 500 hPa trough, an anomalously strong 850 hPa frontal zone and an intense surface cold front, strong baroclinicity arising from cold-warm air confrontation provided the synoptic scale foundation for the broad coverage and prolonged lifetime of the gale. Frontogenetic secondary circulation, a mid-level dry layer, a large low-level lapse rate and high downburst convective available potential energy(DCAPE)created favorable pre-convective environmental conditions. The rapid development stage was dominated by the forward propagation of organized multicell convective systems, with intense downdrafts triggering localized severe winds. During the maintenance stage, the gust front propagated rapidly southward, and cold pool density current, together with strong isallobaric winds, drove the southward displacement of the gale region and generated regional severe winds. The weakening stage was mainly controlled by the passage of scattered weak convection and local topographic forcing. Evaporative cooling, hydrometeor drag and cold air intrusion collectively formed a strong cold pool; its density current drove the gust front southward, serving as the key mesoscale driver. Near-surface momentum transport from aloft enhanced surface wind speeds. The superposition of the synoptic cold front, mesoscale cold pool and gust front, coupled with topographic effects, maintained strong pressure and isallobaric gradients, amplifying gale intensity, coverage and duration.
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Key words:
- extreme gale /
- gust front /
- intense downdraft /
- cold pool density current /
- momentum downward transport
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表 1 所有站逐小时极端大风出现站数和最大风速
时间 00时 01时 02时 03时 04时 05时 06时 07时 08时 站/个 16 45 64 48 28 19 8 6 4 风速/$ \left(\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}\right) $ 30.0 34.2 35.6 34.8 35.5 38.1 34.9 32.1 31.4 表 2 2024年5月14日20时郑州站、邢台站探空物理量
探空站/对流参数 CAPE $/\left(\mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{kg}^{-1}\right) $ BLI/℃ DCAPE600/($ \mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{kg}^{-1} $) VV $ T_{85}/{}^{\circ} \mathrm{C} $ 0~6 km垂直风切变/$ \left(\mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{s}^{-1}\right) $ 郑州站 996.4 -1.1 1590.5 35.5 29 11.1 邢台站 742.9 -6.5 714.7 24.1 31.2 13.4 -
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