Refined Structural Evolution Analysis of a Tornado
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摘要: 利用上海南汇WSR-88D和江苏南通CINRAD-SAD型S波段型双偏振雷达资料、雷达协同观测试验中的向化X波段双偏振雷达（CINRAD-XAD）连续垂直观测资料、ERA5再分析资料和常规观测资料，对2023年6月10日的南通龙卷过程进行深入分析。结果表明：（1）此次龙卷过程发生在东北冷涡南落的背景下，整体呈高空前倾槽的配置，为一次较典型的高空冷平流强迫型风雹天气，且此过程前期有能量累积，环境场指数利于龙卷发生；（2）该龙卷过程时段内，南汇及南通雷达0.5 °仰角平面位置扫描（Plan Position Indicator, PPI）显示有较典型的钩状回波、中气旋、差分反射率（ZDR）弧、龙卷碎片特征（Tornadic Debris Signature, TDS）等龙卷特征因子，配合区域自动站风场可见较明显的前侧下沉气流（Forward Flank Downdraft, FFD）和后侧下沉气流（Rear Flank Downdraft, RFD）阵风锋；（3）向化X波段双偏振雷达针对龙卷母体进行了长达20 min的连续距离高度扫描（Range Height Indicator, RHI）观测，精细地刻画了ZDR柱、风暴顶辐散以及降雹区等特征，并捕捉到龙卷多次触地的过程；（4）结合S波段和X波段雷达的精细化观测数据和环境场特征凝练了此类西风带龙卷形成的垂直和水平概念模型及其对应的双偏振雷达特征，解释了此类西风带龙卷的形成机理。Abstract: The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the tornado in Nantong on 10 June, 2023, using data from Nanhui WSR-88D radar, Nantong CINRAD-SAD S-band dual-polarization radar, collaborative vertical observations from the CINRAD-XAD X-band dual-polarization radar, ERA5 reanalysis data, and conventional observational data. The results showed that: (1) The tornado took place under the background of a northeast cold vortex, with the overall configuration characterized by an upper-level forward-tilted trough, indicating a typical high-altitude cold advection-forced wind and hail weather system. Prior to the event, the energy accumulated and environmental indices were favorable for a tornado's formation. (2) During this event, Plan Position Indicator (PPI), which was at a 0.5 ° elevation angle from both the Nanhui and Nantong radars, revealed typical tornado characteristics such as hook echoes, mesocyclones, differential reflectivity (ZDR) arcs, and Tornadic Debris Signatures (TDS). Meanwhile, the gust fronts of forward flank downdrafts (FFD) and rear flank downdrafts (RFD) were recognized in combination with the regional automatic weather stations. (3) The CINRAD-XAD X-band dual-polarization radar's conducted continuous Range Height Indicator (RHI) scans for 20 minutes on the tornado parent storm, meticulously capturing features such as ZDR columns, storm top divergence, and hail zones. It also successfully documented multiple ground touches in this event. (4) By integrating the high-resolution observational data from both S-band radar PPI scan and the X-band RHI scan, the study develops vertical and horizontal conceptual models of tornado formation within the westerlies. It also illustrates the typical dualpolarization radar characteristics, making it clear to understand the formation mechanisms of such westerly belt tornadoes.
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Key words:
- tornado /
- evolution and dissipation /
- fine structure /
- formation mechanism
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图 5 16时21分—16时33分南汇和南通双偏振雷达0.5 °仰角ZH（a）、Vr（b）、ZDR（c）和ρhv（d）
其中下标1、3、5为南通雷达，对应时间分别为16时20分、16时26分、16时32分；2、4、6为南汇雷达，对应时间分别为16时21分、16时27分、16时33分。
图 6 2023年6月10日16时30分—16时40分自动站5 min填图（a~c）和17时00分小时地面填图（d）
a~c中风羽为瞬时风、紫色虚线为辐合线；d中风羽为小时内极大风、填色为小时内极大温差、等值线为小时降水。
图 7 16时23分—16时32分X波段雷达ZH（a）、Vr（b）、ZDR（c）和ρhv（d）垂直观测
其中下标1~6对应时刻分别为：16时23分10秒、16时23分45秒、16时24分55秒、16时26分05秒、16时29分36秒、16时31分57秒；蓝色线对应湿球0 ℃高度；红色线对应湿球-20 ℃高度。
表 1 龙卷近风暴环境特征参数
要素 08时（宝山实况探空） 16时（龙卷位置西侧ERA5） MUCAPE/(J·kg-1) 1 688 2 798 0~1 km风暴螺旋度/(m2·s-2) 49 49 0~3 km风暴螺旋度/(m2·s-2) 21 90 0~1 km风切变/(m·s-1) 4 4 0~3 km风切变/(m·s-1) 2 10 0~6 km风切变/(m·s-1) 15 21 DCAPE/(J·kg-1) 1 498 981 850~500 hPa温度递减率/(℃·km-1) 7.0 7.5 0~3 km温度递减率/(℃·km-1) 6.7 7.5 固定层STP 0.3 0.6 超级单体指数SCP 0.0 3.8 冰雹指数SHIP 0.5 1.2 
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