Lightning Activity and Convective Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones over South China Sea and Northwest Pacific
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摘要: 基于十几年的全球地基闪电数据、多源卫星观测、再分析资料以及热带气旋最佳路径数据集, 对比研究了热带气旋（Tropical Cyclone，简称TC）在封闭性（南海）和开放性（西北太平洋，简称西太）洋面上闪电活动及降水的差异，并通过分析TC对流结构和环境特征探讨其背后的物理机制。结果表明，南海和西太的TC降水强度和闪电活动呈现相反趋势，西太的TC降水率更高，而南海的TC闪电活动更加频繁且分布更加不对称。两个区域的TC降水都在顺风切变左侧达到峰值，而闪电峰值自内核至外雨带由顺风切变左侧移至右侧。卫星观测显示西太的TC具有更低的85 GHz通道微波亮温，表明该区域TC具有更深厚的冰相粒子层或更多的冰水含量，与较强的地面降水一致；而南海TC强雷达回波（35 dBZ）出现在冰冻层（>6 km）以上的概率更高，反映了其混合相态过程更活跃，有利于闪电的发生。从大尺度环境条件看，西太的海表温度更高、大气不稳定度更强，有利于TC的发展，形成更深厚的云系，从而产生更多降水。相比于西太，南海的垂直风切变较强，使得TC内部对流分布更加不对称，局部形成更强的对流；此外，南海TC的暖云厚度较薄，环境气溶胶浓度较高，均可能抑制TC对流的暖雨过程而增强其冰相过程，使得闪电发生更加频繁。Abstract: This study compares the lightning activity and precipitation of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) over the closed basin (South China Sea, SCS) and the open ocean (Northwest Pacific, NWP) based on the World Wide Lightning Location Network, multi-source satellite observation, reanalysis data and the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship over the past ten years or more, and explores the physical mechanisms by analyzing convective structure and environmental characteristics. The results show that there is an opposite trend between precipitation intensity and lightning activity of TCs over SCS and NWP. The rain rate of TCs over NWP is higher, and the lightning activity of TCs over SCS is more frequent and asymmetric. In these two regions, the rain rate reaches the maximum on the downshear-left side of TCs, while the lightning density peak moves from the downshear-left side of the inner core to the downshear-right side of the outer rainband. Satellite observations show that the Polarization Corrected Temperature at 85 GHz (PCT85) over NWP is lower, indicating that TCs contain a deeper layer of ice particles or more ice water content, consistent with stronger surface precipitation; however, TCs over SCS show a higher probability of strong radar echo (35 dBZ) appearing above the freezing layer (>6 km), reflecting that the mixed-phase process is more active, which is conducive to lightning bursts. From the perspective of large-scale environmental conditions, higher sea surface temperature and stronger atmospheric instability in NWP are conductive to the development of TCs, forming deeper cloud systems and generating more precipitation. Compared to NWP, stronger vertical wind shear in TCs over SCS makes the convective distribution more asymmetric, and locally forms stronger convection; in addition, thinner warm cloud depth and higher aerosol optical depth in TCs over SCS may suppress the warm rain process in TC convection and enhance its ice-phase process, making lightning occur more frequent.
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Key words:
- tropical cyclones /
- lightning activity /
- precipitation /
- convection /
- remote-sensing satellite
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图 5 TC内部不同结构的累计概率分布图
TMI降水率：（a）内核；（b）内雨带；（c）外雨带。PCT85：（d）内核；（e）内雨带；（f）外雨带。红色代表南海，蓝色代表西太。图中数字表示与TC范围重合的TMI轨道像素点个数。
图 7 不同环境变量的箱线图：SST（a）；CAPE（b）；300~500 hPa的平均RH（c）；（d）200~850 hPa垂直风切变；（e）WCD；（f）波段550 nm的AOD
矩形箱内部的横线代表中位数，矩形箱的上下两边分别代表 75%分位数和25%分位数，矩形箱上下两边延伸的最长距离分别代表 90%分位数和10%分位数。除了300~500 hPa的平均RH，其它环境变量在两个区域的差异都通过了置信度95%的t检验。
表 1 根据LIS/OTD年平均闪电密度气候态数据计算的西北太平洋2005—2017年WWLLN闪电调整系数
年份 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 系数 12.0 9.4 10.6 7.4 5.8 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.6 3.1 
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表 2 南海和西太的WWLLN/IMERG逐3 h的TC样本和TRMM ITP样本数量
南海 西太 WWLLN/IMERG（2005—2017） 1 940 3 756 TRMM-PR（1998—2013） 276 697 TRMM-TMI（1998—2013） 551 1 117
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