Impact of the Grid Uniformity on Numerical Simulation of Vortices
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摘要: 基于阴阳网格全球-区域通用大气数值模式（YUNMA），评估了不同网格配置和分辨率对涡旋系统模拟结果的影响。通过网格坐标系旋转，获得涡旋运动路径上具有不同均匀性的网格，并结合理想试验与实际台风个例模拟，分析了不同网格均匀性和分辨率对涡旋或台风路径、强度、结构及降水模拟表现的影响。结果表明：（1）网格均匀性对理想涡旋系统的纯动力数值模拟结果影响明显，非均匀网格造成涡旋路径偏移，并加速涡旋强度和移动速度衰减。（2）低分辨率模式较高分辨率模式对网格均匀性更加敏感。相同网格变率情况下，高分辨率动力模式模拟的涡旋强度和涡旋路径更加稳定，涡旋运动速度也能够得到更好地维持。（3）实际台风模拟也受到网格均匀性的显著影响，均匀网格协同高分辨率模式能够更准确地捕捉台风路径，台风强度得以更好保持，而低分辨率且非均匀网格配置导致台风中心位置偏移，模拟路径偏差增大。同时，均匀网格模式能更准确模拟台风降水，提高降水TS评分。网格均匀性不仅制约模式次网格物理过程参数化效果，还影响模式动力计算精度的空间分布一致性，从而影响包含天气系统移动、强度和降水在内的数值模拟效果。Abstract: Using the Yin-Yang-grid Unified Model for the Atmosphere (YUNMA), we evaluated the impact of varying grid uniformity and horizontal resolutions on the simulation of vortices. Grids with different uniformity were obtained along the vortex paths through coordinated rotation. Combined with idealized vortex experiments and real typhoon case simulations, we analyzed the effects of grid uniformity and horizontal resolution on the simulated performances of the path, intensity, structure and precipitation of the vortex or typhoon. The key findings are as follows. (1) The grid uniformity clearly influences the purely dynamical numerical simulation results of the idealized vortex. Non-uniform grid tended to disturb the path of vortex and accelerate the decay of vortex intensity and moving speed. (2) Low-resolution simulation is more sensitive to the grid uniformity than the high-resolution simulation. The high-resolution dynamical model simulated more stable vortex intensity and paths than low-resolution models with the same grid-spacing variability, and the moving speed of the vortex was more easily maintained in numerical simulations. (3) Real typhoon simulations are also significantly affected by the grid uniformity. Uniform grid combined with high-resolution models can more accurately capture the path and intensity of typhoon. The low-resolution and non-uniform grid configurations model, however, simulated offset path of the typhoon, leading to significantly increased path simulation errors. Meanwhile, uniform-grid model demonstrated superior capability in reproducing precipitation with high Threat Score (TS). The non-uniform grids not only restrict the effectiveness of subgrid-scale physics parameterizations but also influence the spatial consistency of dynamical computational accuracy in numerical models, thereby affecting the overall simulation performance, including the movement, intensity, and precipitation of weather systems.
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Key words:
- grid uniformity /
- resolution /
- vortex system /
- numerical simulation
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图 5 台风“蒲公英”（2021）模拟网格旋转示意图
a.未旋转的传统经纬度网格，b.台风沿阳网格赤道运动，c.台风沿阳网格低纬度经线运动，d.台风沿阳网格高纬度经线运动。图中粗实线为观测台风路径，粗点线为网格局地坐标赤道，细点线表示间隔为10 °的经、纬度网格。
图 6 观测与模拟台风路径及台风位置
a、b、c、d分别对应图 5中网格旋转方案，图例左侧数字表示台风中心位置平均绝对误差（单位：km）。黑色表示观测台风路径及位置，红色和蓝色分别表示0.25 °和0.5 °分辨率下模拟台风路径及位置。
图 7 台风水平环流观测（左上）与第24 h模式模拟结果对比
a、b、c、d分别对应图 5中网格旋转方案，下标1和2分别对应0.25 °网格、150 s时间步长和0.5 °网格、300 s时间步长。填色与矢量箭头分别表示850 hPa风场（单位：m·s-1）与相对涡度（单位：10-5 s-1），右上角红色数字表示相对涡度最大值。
图 8 实际（左上）与模式模拟的24 h累计降水（单位：mm）空间分布对比
a、b、c、d分别对应图 5中网格旋转方案，下标1和2分别对应0.25 °网格、150 s时间步长和0.5 °网格、300 s时间步长。每幅图右上角红色数字代表100 mm以上降水的TS评分。
表 1 台风个例模拟的模式设置
模式参数 设置值 水平分辨率/时间步长 0.25 °×0.25 °/150 s, 0.5 °×0.5 °/300 s 垂直分辨率 60层非均匀分层, 顶高36 km 辐射方案 RRTMG长短波辐射方案 近地层混合方案 基于莫宁-奥布霍夫相似性理论 边界层方案 MRF方案 积云对流方案 NSAS方案 云微物理方案 双参数混合相云参数化方案 陆面过程 CoLM陆面方案 
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